most strata of the earth's surface, and probably the very last large animal which became extinct before the creation of man.

Fig. 170.

499. It is necessary, therefore, to distinguish two periods in the history of the animals now living; one in which the marine animals were created, and a second, during which the land and fresh-water animals made their at their head MAN.†

appearance, and

CONCLUSIONS.

*The above diagram is a likeness of the splendid specimen disinterred at Newburg, N. Y., now in the possession of Dr. J. C. Warren, in Boston; the most complete skeleton which has ever been discovered. It stands nearly twelve feet in height, the tusks are fourteen feet in length, and nearly every bone is present, in a state of preservation truly wonderful. †The former of these phases is indicated in the frontispiece, by a narrow circle, inserted between the upper stage of the Tertiary formation and the Reign of Man properly so called.

of the earth. This progress consists in an increasing simi larity to the living fauna, and among the Vertebrates, espe cially, in their increasing resemblance to Man.

501. But this connection is not the consequence of a direct lineage between the faunas of different ages. There is nothing like parental descent connecting them. The Fishes of the Palæozoic age are in no respect the ancestors of the Reptiles of the Secondary age, nor does Man descend from the Mammals which preceded him in the Tertiary age. The link by which they are connected is of a higher and immaterial nature; and their connection is to be sought in the view of the Creator himself, whose aim, in forming the earth, in allowing it to undergo the successive changes which Geology has pointed out, and in creating successively all the different types of animals which have passed away, was to introduce Man upon the surface of our globe. Man is the end towards which all the animal creation has tended, from the first appearance of the first Palæozoic Fishes.

502. In the beginning His plan was formed, and from it He has never swerved in any particular. The same Being who, in view of man's moral wants, provided and declared, thousands of years in advance, that "the seed of the woman shall bruise the serpent's head," laid up also for him in the bowels of the earth those vast stores of granite, marble, coal, salt, and the various metals, the products of its several revolutions; and thus was an inexhaustible provision made for his necessities, and for the development of his genius, ages in anticipation of his appearance.

503. To study, in this view, the succession of animals in time, and their distribution in space, is, therefore, to become acquainted with the ideas of God himself. Now, if the succession of created beings on the surface of the globe is the realization of an infinitely wise plan, it follows that there

must be a necessary relation between the races of ani mals and the epoch at which they appear. It is necessary, therefore, in order to comprehend Creation, that we combine the study of extinct species with that of those now living, since one is the natural complement of the other. A system of Zoology will consequently be true, in proportion as it corresponds with the order of succession among animals.

INDEX AND
AND GLOSSARY.

Abdomen, the lower cavity of the
body, 41.

Abranchiates, without gills, 21.
Acalepha, a class of Radiates, many
species of which produce tingling
of the skin when handled, 23.
Acéphala, mollusks having no dis-
tinct head, like clams, 22.
Acoustic, pertaining to the sense of
hearing, 56.

Actinia, digestive apparatus of, 97.
Actinoids, 23.

Affinity, relationship, 30, 87.

Ages of Nature, 221.

Animals and plants, differences be
tween, 41.

Animate, possessed of animal life,
43.

Anoplothèrium, 234.

Antenna, the jointed feelers of lob-
sters, insects, &c., 77.
Aorta, the great blood vessel arising
from the heart, 116.
Aphides, reproduction of, 162, 163.
Apóphysis, a projection from the
body of a bone, 181.
Apparatus of motion, 73.
Aptera, wingless insects, 21.

Albumen, the white of egg, 42, 111, Aquatic, living in water.

138.

Amphioxus, its place, 181.
Amphiuma, 209.
Analogy, 30.

Anátifa, metamorphoses of, 177.
Ancylóceras, 232.

Animalcule, a minute animal, 24.
Animal heat, 122.

Animal life, 44; organs of, 44.
Animals, number of, 27; distribu-
tion in space, 186; in time, 214.

Aqueous, like water.
Aqueous humor, 50.
Arctic fauna, 197.
Areolar tissue, 38.
Arges, 225.

Aristotle's lantern, 102.
Arm, 82; different forms of, 83.
Artery, 113.

Articulates, composed of joints, like
the lobster or caterpillar, 21;
number of, 27.

Ascidia, bottle-shaped mollusks
without a shell.

Assimilation, the change of blood
into bone, muscle, &c., 122.
Astacus pellucidus, 55.

Asteride, the family of star-fishes,
23.

Auditory, pertaining to the sense
of hearing, 56.

Auricle, a cavity of the heart, like
a little ear, 115.
Avicula decussata, 224.
Axolotl, 209.

Baculites, 232.