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EDUCATION, DRAINAGE, AND LIQUOR TRADE IN SWEDEN. 189

may, under the new arrangements, be received at Greenwich, or maintained at other hospitals at the expense of Greenwich

funds.

It would seem that the latter course is the most likely one to be adopted, for the Lords of the Admiralty, with whom is the control of Greenwich Hospital, have recently decided that the splendid palace which William raised as a monument to his beloved Mary, and which has been untenanted for six years, shall be appropriated to the purposes of a naval university.

From The Pall Mall Gazette.

GORTSCHAKOFF'S SUCCESSOR.

A LETTER from St. Petersburg in the Hamburg Correspondent, speaking of the recent rumors of the approaching resignation of Prince Gortschakoff, says that the advanced age and increasing infirmity of the Prince have for some time made such a contingency probable, and that the Prince himself used to say that he would retire, and devote himself entirely to his favourite classical studies, "as soon as his work was done." What he meant by this is not quite clear; some supposed that he alluded to the removal of the restrictions imposed upon Russia by the Treaty of Paris, others ironically added that he wished to remain in office until his son, Prince Michael was provided for. Both events have now taken place. The London protocol has secured the freedom of Russia on the Black Sea, and Prince Michael has been promoted from the secretaryship of the embassy at Berlin to the post of Minister Plenipotentiary and En

Russian Government in regard to Prince Bismarck and the Austro-German alliance, were, says, the Correspondent, "directly inspired by General Ignatieff, and aimed at nothing less than a change of policy opposed to the conqueror and favourable to the conquered of Sedan." So long as the present Emperor lives, a rupture with the Berlin Court is not to be thought of, and our Panslavist dreamers must refrain even from uttering the name of their favorite (who is called at the Porte by the very uncomplimentary epithet of "the father of lies") at the Russian Court. The socalled Conservatives, on the other hand, have for some years favoured the candidature of M. Valonyeff, which is also supported by Counts Schouvaloff I. and II. (the Court Marshal, and his son, the Minister of Police), the Minister of Finance M. de Reutern, the Minister of Justice, Count Pahlen, and other members of the "Moderate" party. M. Valouyeff is known as a very able, highly-cultivated, industrious, and moderate statesman. He was violently attacked by the National party (which afterwards succeeded in procuring his withdrawal from the Ministry in 1838) for having opposed the system of persecution adopted in Poland after the last insurrection; but the Emperor seems now to have repented his former treatment of M. Valonyeff, and by way of reparation has given him the post of Minister of the Crown Domains. It is generally understood that this appointment is only a provisional one, and that M. Valouyeff, in order to prepare himself for the portfolio of foreign affairs, will shortly be sent to London as ambassador in the place of Count Brunnow. "If," concludes the Correspondent, "M. Valouyeff becomes For

voy Extraordinary in Switzerland: Yet eign Minister - which is looked upon in Prince Gortschakoff is still Foreign Min- well-informed circles as certain - this will ister; the inference is that his "work," be an additional guarantee of peace and whatever it may be, is not yet accom- of friendly relations with Germany so long plished. There is no doubt, however, that as Alexander II. lives. Valouyeff has never his tenure of office is coming to an end, made any secret of his opinion that the

and the question of the appointment of his successor has been much debated at the Russian Court. The Candidate of the National party is General Ignatieff, the ambassador at Constantinople; but he has become "impossible" since the Franco-German war, as the Emperor will not hear of an anti-German policy, and the general bas repeatedly given evidence of bitter hostility to Germany. The articles from Constantinople published by the Moscow Gazette at the time of the Gastein Conferences, which were obviously intended to excite the mistrust and hostility of the

German alliance is the safest and the most appropriate, and that no countenance should be given to Panslavist dreams."

From The Pall Mall Gazette.

EDUCATION, DRAINAGE, AND THE LIQUOR

TRADE IN SWEDEN.

SWEDEN has solved three problems which still trouble us sorely. Education is compulsory and gratuitous. Every child from seven years old must be sent, either to a

primary gratuitous school, or to a private | shops in its environs or limit their number. certificated school, and there be kept for No brandy is allowed to be sold on credit six or seven years, or until he or she has ac- or to persons who are intoxicated or are

under adult age. The revenue accruing from the tax on the retail trade and the licenses is divided between the parish and the country. In Gothenberg a society formed for the pronotion of sobriety has

quired a competent knowledge of reading, writing, arithmetic, the catechism, the history and geography of their own country, the rudiments of natural history, general history, and geography. This applies the primary schools, but there are likewise farmed the brandy shops in the city and

to

higher grammar, technical, and industrial schools, so that in these respects the working classes are far better and more generally instructed than our own. It is probably as much owning to good teaching as to natural capacity that the Swedish mechanic bears such a high character for

suburbs with excellent effect. They are in fact transformed into respectable eatinghouses most carefully provided and looked after by the society. In consequence of these and other regulations, payment of wages on the Friday night, &c., the decrease of drunkenness in Sweden within

LIVINGSTONE.

From Nature.

skill, solidity of work, and careful construc- the last six years has been remarkable, tion. For the first time we find it stated and there has been a visible progress in that though English artisans are employed the moral and social condition of the and work a shade more quickly, their people. workmanship does not differ from that turned out by the natives. What we understand by trade unions have only recently been formed, and to a limited extent, but co-operative societies and "associations for production" are very common. In Stockholm and Gothenberg the rate of mortality is respectively 23 and 21 per 1,000, which is remarkably low, but then drainage, according to our ideas, is there unknown. The hard rock on which Stockholm stands made the cutting of sewers so costly that the idea was given up, and the authorities now congratulate themselves on the result. All refuse is taken away within a few hours, and is immediately converted into excellent agricultural maThe staff of scavengers is complete and efficient, and no cesspools or accumulations of decomposing matter are tolerated for a moment. Thus the rivers are kept fresh and free of pollution, the supply of drinking water is abundant and excellent, while noxious smells are naturally very rare. In Gothenberg a system of underground drainage for superficial water has been well executed, some of the low and marshy land in the environs has been artificially drained, and dressed with the

nure.

DR. LIVINGSTONE is one of those men, becoming scarcer now in these nervous days of hurry and excitement, who do what they put their hands to with all their might. He went to Africa to discover certain regions then unknown, and especially to determine the extent and character of the great catchment basins on the eastern side of the continent. His object was not solely, or even chiefly, the advancement of geographical knowledge. In his eyes geography is only a means to an end. He hopes, through an extension of the knowledge

ge of the interior of Africa, to call forth a spirit which may be the means of securing the great objects of his life - the extinction of the siave trade, and a permanent improvement in the condition of the negro race.

Some six years ago Dr. Livingstone landed at the mouth of the Rovuma, and disappeared from the knowledge of European seekers for news. Then there came

dried manure alluded to mixed with lime, a wild report of his murder, and staunch

and is now in a high state of cultivation. The liquor trade is regulated as follows:

The two beverages in use in Sweden are made in the country - brandy and beer. But while public-houses for the sale or consumption of beer are well inspected and numerous, the brandy shops for consumption on the premises are greatly restricted,

old Sir Roderick sent out an expedition, under Mr. Young, to Lake Nyassa, which successfully performed its mission, and gave us the assurance that the report was false and that Livingstone was alive. All this while the great traveller was toiling steadily at his appointed task, and had completed the solution of one great geo

pay a heavy license duty, and are under graphical question, namely, that of the very strict regulations. A permissive Act northern limits of the basin of the Zamexists by which a parish or town can either besi river. Another long period elapsed, entirely prohibit the licensing of brandy and once more a letter was received from Ujiji, on the banks of Lake Tanganyika, stone, since he landed at the mouth of the announcing the progress of the work. Rovuma, is more important, if possible, Having cleared up the problems relating than the first. His first discovery was the to Lake Nyassa, Livingstone had ascended north-eastern water-parting of the Zamhighlands which form the water-parting besi. His second, the tidings of which

between the Zambesi and another great system of rivers and lakes to the north. He had been in a land where the vegetation was saturated with moisture - a land unlike all previously-conceived ideas of this part of Africa The work was beginning to tell upon him. He described him

arrived by telegram last week, is the limits of the great basin of Lake Tanganyika, and that a vast and separate system intervened between the basins of the Nile and the Zambesi. The discovery of the basin of Tanganyika, extending from about 3° to 10° S. latitude, and 27° to 39° E.

self as a mere "bag of bones." But he longitude (or 700 miles long by about gave no sign of faltering in his purpose. 450) is the last and not the least importHis great discovery was not half achieved, ant of Livingstone's discoveries. It would and the time for rest was still distant. appear, from the telegram, that the great His will was unsubdued; his life-work explorer traced the chain of lakes and the must be completed before he could turn streams which flow from them, until he aside to be refreshed; and thus he disap- discovered that all the waters found their

peared again.

Years passed away - first one, then another and another, and for a third time the anxiety of the country began to increase. For Britain still cares for and watches over her great sons. The indomitable yet unostentatious resolution of this grand old man has touched the heart of the nation to its very core. Sir Roderick Murchison died in the full hope and expectation of soon receiving tidings of his

outlet in the Tanganyika. He then, it would appear, visited the northern end of the lake, and found that the rivers still flowed into it. The waters of the lake are fresh; and it is, therefore, to be inferred that the lake has an outlet. Livingstone now knows the southern, western, northern, and north-eastern sides of the lake. The south-eastern side alone remains to be explored, and there, if anywhere, the great outlet for its waters must

friend. No truer nor more steadfast be. That outlet must be discovered

friend ever lived; and the news of Sir Roderick's death will be the saddest words that Livingstone has heard since he lost his brave wife in the wilds of the Zambesi. Then it began to be felt that it would be wrong to wait longer. Our patience was exhausted; an appeal was made to the country which was warmly and munificently answered; Lieut. Dawson left this country in command of a search expedition, reached Zanzibar, and proceeded without delay to make preparations for his march into the interior.

The rest of the story must be gathered from the telegrams which have arrived from Bombay and Aden within the present week. News, it seems, came down, to Zanzibar last May, that Livingstone was alive, that he had reached Kazeb, on the road between Lake Tanganyika and the coast; but that he declined to return home until his work was completed. In those years of enforced silence, during which his letters had been intercepted by Arab slave traders, he had been working hard. He had completed one more great discovery; but still the work was not all done, and he would not come home. All honour to this man of iron will and unchanging purpose!

The second great discovery of Living

and examined before Livingstone's great achievement is ended; and thither, therefore, he will now proceed.

We already have some knowledge of the river which, as it would now seem, flows from Lake Tanganyika to the sea. Mr. Desborough Cooley, in 1841, gave the information obtained from an intelligent Sawahili named Khamis bin Othman, who came to London in 1835. This man had travelled up the ravine of a river named Lufiji, from its mouth due west of the island of Monfia (south of Zanzibar) to its source in the lake. Nearly half a century ago, when Captain Owen was making a running survey of part of the East Coast of Africa, he was off the mouths of this river Lufiji, and they are shown on his chart, published in 1825, though Mr. Cooley and Captain Bur Burton appear to have overlooked them. But Captain Burton, in his exhaustive paper on these lake regious, has shown that the Lufiji is the same river as the Rua or Ruaha, though he says that the source is unknown. It will be found on the maps to the east of the south end of Lake Tanganyika. It must not be confused with another Rua, mentioned by Livingstone to the west of Lake Tanganyika, and north of Lake Moero. The sentence in Lieutenant Dawson's telegram,

"Underground village next attracts Liv-all fears have been dispelled, again we ingstone's attention," has, perhaps, been get a glimpse of this true knight-errant satisfactorily explained by Colonel Grant. and again we find him steadfastly workHe gathered, from the intelligence he and ing at the task he set himself to do Captain Speke obtained in the country, six years ago, and which he will not abanthat the waters of the Tanganyika force don until it is finished. This last section their way through a rent in the mountains, of his labonrs will comprise the complete at the south-eastern extremity of the lake, discovery of the great basin of the Tanand that under the river there is a natural ganyika, including the collection of accutunnel. This tunnel was described to rate information respecting its limits, its Colonel Grant as being two months' march varied climates, its productions and capafrom Unyanyeinbeh, and as a tunnel made bilities and people, its rivers and lakes, by God, which takes a caravan from sun-and its outlet to the Indian Ocean. The rise to noon to march through it. An un- addition to geographical knowledge will fordable river, with rocky cliffed sides, be enormous, and we may well hope that flows over the tunnel at right angles with this knowledge will be the means by which

Lake Tanganyika. This river is now supposed, on apparently good grounds, to be the Ruaha of Burton, and the Lufiji whose mouths are shown on Captain Owen's chart.

We now learn that Livingstone has reached Unyanyembeh, that stores are being sent up to him as rapidly as possible in charge of his son, and that he will march southward to explore this Ruaha or Lufiji river, this mighty outlet of the great system of waters that he has discovered, with its lofty cliffs and alleged natural tunnel. Thus, for the third time,

a new country will hereafter be opened to European enterprise, and the object of Livingstone's life be attained. If he dies in the midst of his discoveries he may well be envied, for a nobler and more glorious end can hardly be imagined. If, as we all hope and as is more likely, he is spared to return home, and perhaps to watch in his old age the progress of the mighty work which he is now initiating, he will receive a welcome from his countrymen such as few have experienced and fewer still have so justly earned.

A NEW WEAPON FOR THE GERMAN CAVAL- | RY. It is stated that the cavalry of the German Empire are likely to be soon provided with new arms, and that there will be other changes in their equipment. For the cuirassiers of the first rank lances are recommended similar to those in use in Russia, and the Uhlans will bear the same weapon. It is also intimated that the whole of the cavalry will be supplied with firearms of long range because the sword has been found insufficient, and the cavalry ought, it is thought to be made capable of fighting on foot-as, for instance, when they are destined to capture a village. Of course the opinions of

GRAY'S "Elegy in a Country Churchyard" contains 991 words, of which 821 are derived from the Anglo-Saxon, 125 from the Latin, 15 from the French, 7 from the Italian, and 23 from the Greek. It would, however, be a mistake to accept this, or any other similar test, as conclusive in the matter of the composition of the English language. The fact is that the articles, pronouns, prepositions, and auxiliary verbs occur over and over again in any bit of English composition; but Thommerel, who examined every word in the dictionaries of Webster and Robertson, demonstrated that there are, really, 13,330 Teutonic words in the English language,

the Cavalry Commission must pass through against nearly 30,000 which can either mediateseveral further phases before they are carried ly or immediately be traced to a Latin source. out. In the end everything of this kind is de- In regard to its words, therefore, English must termined by the Emperor; so that mere projects be classed with the Romanee or neo-Latin diacannot be counted upon as even probable facts. lects - with French, Italian, and Spanish.

Public Opinion.

Public Opinion.

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5. OFF THE SKELLIGS. By Jean Ingelow. Part XII., Saint Pauls,

242

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