where public worship is constantly performed. At the visit of Bishop Heber, the congregation did not exceed sixty persons, of which three only were natives: a proof of the difficulty attending conversion in India, since nothing can be more fervent than the zeal which Christian missionaries bring to their endeavours.

The bank of the Ganges opposite to Monghyr has not the slightest pretensions to beauty; its low, flat, swampy shores, intersected with reedy islets, are the haunts of multitudes of alligators, which, in the hot season, may be seen sunning themselves by the side of the huge ant-hills erected upon the sand-banks, appearing above the surface of the water. Some of these animals attain to a prodigious size; they are exceedingly difficult to kill, in consequence of the adamantine armour in which the greater part of their bodies is cased. Even when the balls penetrate less guarded points, they are so tenacious of life as to cause a great deal of trouble before they can be finally despatched. One, which had received eight balls, and was supposed to be dead, after having been tied to the bamboo of a budgerow for a whole day, exhibited in the evening so much strength and fierceness, as to be a dangerous neighbour. Many of these monsters are fifteen feet long, and they swim fearlessly past the boats, lifting up their terrific heads, and raising their dark bodies from the water as they glide along. Though not so frequently as in former times, when the echoes of the river were less disturbed by the report of fire-arms, natives are still the victims of that species of alligator, which lies in wait for men and animals, venturing incautiously too near their haunts. In many that have been killed, the silver ornaments worn by women and children, have been found, a convincing proof of the fearful nature of their prey. An alligator, it is said, will sometimes make a plunge amidst a group of bathers at a ghaut, and, singling out one of the party, dart into the middle of the stream, defying pursuit by the rapidity of its movements against the current, through which it will fly with the velocity of an arrow, and having reached deep water it sinks with its victim into the abysses of the river. Sportsmen, the younger portion especially, delight in waging war against these giants of the stream, as they lie wallowing in the mud in shallow places, and presenting the defenceless parts of their bodies to the marksman. In the Sunderbunds, where the creeks and natural canals of the Ganges wind through the forest, whose margin almost mingles with the stream, alligators are sometimes engaged in deadly encounters with the tiger. A battle of this kind witnessed by a missionary is described to have been a drawn one, for although the tiger succeeded in dragging his unwieldly adversary into the jungle, after the lapse of an hour or two the alligator was seen to emerge, and to regain the water not very materially injured by the conflict it had sustained.

The natives of Monghyr are a quiet industrious race, rarely participating in the crimes which are so frequently perpetrated in the upper and lower country, neither addicted to the lawless proceedings, the onslaughts, murders, and highway-robberies often committed in open day by the warlike

tribes of Hindoostan, nor to the petty thefts, forgeries, burglaries, and sundry kinds of knavery, so common amidst the more artful and more timid Bengalees. Like all other natives, they are exceedingly litigious, and the attention of the public courts is taken up by suits of the most frivolous nature. A civilian of rank, marching through the district, upon entering the breakfast tent, at the place of encampment for the day, was surprised by a very extraordinary apparition. An old woman, so withered and so wild in her attire as scarcely to seem to belong to humanity, was squatted in the corner. Rising up at his approach, she began to exclaim, or rather to scream out at the top of her voice, with all the fervour and volubility which mark her sex and country, a most unintelligible harangue, which the servants, who looked rather conscious, attempted to stop by vociferating "Choop! choop!" (silence!) and by an endeavour to eject her from the tent. The judge, however, insisted upon hearing her story; and becoming a little calm, she stated that her ancestors had ruined themselves by defending their right to a certain tree, which grew upon the boundaries of two estates; that judgment had been given and reversed many times, and that she, having carried on the suit in her own person, had obtained a decree, the fifteenth given, in her favour, and that now that she was absolutely reduced to poverty, with nothing but the possession of the tree to console her for the loss of the land, which had been sold to establish her right to it, the Saib's khidmutghars, requiring wood to boil water in a teakettle, had cut down this identical tree with their sacrilegious hands. The men, in vindication, stated that it was a stunted pollard, absolutely worthless, and fit only for fire-wood, a fact which they proved by incontestable evidence. Nevertheless, the old woman persisted in demanding justice, told her story over and over again, aggravating at each time the magnitude of the injury she had sustained, demanding many hundred rupees as a compensation, and finally, the judge, having ascertained that the woman's statement was true, and that her family had been ruined in consequence of repeated legal contests for the property, sent her off with a gold mohur, the highest price which our friend had ever paid for a bundle of sticks.

ETIQUETTE OF THE CHINESE COURT.

The devotion of the Chinese to a multiplicity of trifling formalities is a frequent topic of remark. On a late occasion, that of the birth-day of the Dowager-empress, Peih-chang, a Tartar officer of high rank, superintendant of the whole Mohammedan territory, and second in command on the north-west frontier, sent to court a card of congratulation, according to custom. But, unfortunately, he forwarded it by an express travelling 400 le (say 120 miles) daily, instead of delivering it to the ordinary post-carrier; in consequence of which, he was adjudged to be degraded one degree, and to receive office accordingly. The rule for officers in situations like Peih-chang's is, that the degradation is not to take effect until their recall from their official situations. However, a few days after the judgment had been passed, His Majesty was pleased to recall him, and his degradation has taken place accordingly. For such trifles are high officers removed from their situations!*

Canton Reg., December 5th.

MR. BEKE'S "ORIGINES BIBLICE."

ONE of the chief objects of this work is the rectification of scriptural geography. Few subjects are more abstruse or less accompanied with data capable of leading the inquirer to a positive demonstration of his theory; yet, it will be seen from this work, that the ingenuity of its author is supported by as much proof, in general, as criticism and the remains of antiquity are capable of affording. He has, for instance, in our opinion, satisfactorily shewn, that the primæval Babel, in the plains of Shinar, could not have been identical with that mighty city, which afterwards arose into such renown; for nothing is more common, in Oriental history and topography, than to discover different cities with the same name (of which the Hebrew bible furnishes numerous proofs), which name has been not unfrequently given as a memorial of one deserted or destroyed. This distinction removes some considerable difficulties; and "it will therefore be no longer inconsistent, that from Ararat, within the country of Armenia, mankind should have journeyed from the east towards the land of Shinar, in which they erected the tower of Babel; or that the conquerors of the Babel, or Babylon of a later date, should have come from the north (Jer. 1. 9.) out of the same country of Armenia." Equally cogent are his objections to Al Judi and Agridagh, as the mountain on which the ark rested, because by could not have been applied to a single mountain, but must have referred to a mountainous tract; nor is his notion improbable, that the spot must be sought to the south of the Euphrates, and that it might have been on some part of the Tauric range.

The plain in the land of Shinar he conceives to have been in that part of Mesopotamia, which more immediately lies at the foot of the Tauric chain and to the east of the Euphrates. This spot he supposes to have also been Noah's fixed residence, after his migration from the mountain, on which the ark rested. He has also very well argued, from chronological data, that Noah could not have been living, when the tower and city of Babel were in process of erection, and has as satisfactorily shewn, that, as Peleg's birth was fifty-one years after Noah's death, the general dispersion must, according both to probability and chronology, have happened about this time, whence he commemoratively received the name.

Mr. Beke proceeds in his inquiry, as to the population of the earth from Shinar, on two principles:-1st. That the order of the names of the Noachida is not that "of their births, but that of the relative positions of the countries peopled by them;" 2d. That the Noachide of the countries peopled by them are named in regular order from east to west. The correctness of the first is clearly demonstrated by a comparison of the tenth with the eleventh chapter of Genesis; that of the latter by the Hebrew text itself. With respect to the dispute, whether Asshur or Nimrod built Nineveh and the other cities mentioned in Gen. x. 11, 12, his idea, that the foundation of them should be assigned to the former, is clearly substantiated by

• Origines Biblica; or Researches in primæ val History. By CHARLES T. BEKE. 2 Vols. Vol. I. London, 1834. Parbury, Allen, and Co,

the original; for the two verses are parenthetical and are introduced into the account of the descendants of Ham, either because Asshur left Shinar at a somewhat later period, or because the importance of these cities naturally suggested the remark. Indeed, after the verb ' we generally notice particular prepositions, such as ; or, when the subject relates to the departure from one place to another, such as ; but, as in this instance, there is not a similar construction, we cannot hesitate in pronouncing Asshur to be the nominative and the name of a man, not of Assyria, as some have imagined.

We cannot, however, agree with him in that, which is evidently his idea, that the Sanskrit is a mark of Japhetic origin, because it is undeniably an artificial language, polished to its present perfection through a course of ages, and very probably (as indeed its D'hatus show) in its radical and simple form approximated to languages totally distinct from it in grammatical construction. In this part of the work our sentiments are at variance with those of the author also, respecting" Mohammedan Arabians of Hamitish origin;" nor can we rank his notions in general about the Hindus beyond the mere vagueness of theory or conjecture. Schlözer, moreover, has proved it to be very doubtful, that the Casdim or Chaldees borrowed their name by corruption from that of Arphaxad: in fact, too little of them is known to justify the foundation of any system upon their name. Nor do we

think, that of the Chaldees may be explained by the Arabic_the north, because Ammianus Marcellinus records a place of the name,`and it is well known, that the great rites prevailed amongst the Casdim, whence doubtless, Ur received its appellation. Ur Casdim, as the north or northern part of the Chaldees or Casdim, would certainly be scarcely capable of substantiation by parallel passages; and we may reasonably doubt, whether ever had that sense in Hebrew.

We, however, see little or nothing open to objection in Mr. Beke's system of topography: his hypotheses are rendered as probable as reasoning from scriptural hints can make them, and reflect equal credit on his ingenuity and on his research. We fully assent to this position, that the book of Genesis is a collection of early documents; but cannot hazard an opinion, whether or not they were arranged by Moses: we have proof of this documentary state in the detached and often abrupt parts of the book itself, in the two accounts of the Creation and of the Flood, each of which must have originally belonged to a separate codex, and in the different names of the deity used in each codex. Eichhorn, we believe, was the first who remarked this peculiarity, and although there be but few points on which we should be inclined to adopt his theology, we are bound by weight of evidence to admit this. Mr. Beke, by another process, arrives nearly at the same conclusion; but we conceive his idea, that a part of Genesis was written in Ur before the departure of Abraham's family, to be incapable of substantiation: the question, however, is unimportant.

As a specimen of the acuteness with which the inquiry is conducted, we will epitomize his words on the locality of Aram. After noticing the modern

indefinite acceptation of the term, in consequence of the vagueness in which the Greeks used the name Syria, he observes:

17

The error has been attended with this unfortunate consequence:-the portion of the country of Aram, which is called in the scriptures (Paddán Arám) i. e. the plain of Aram, and also D'¬n] D ̃8 (Arám Naharáim) i. e. Aram of the two rivers, has, instead of being sought for in Syria proper, been universally considered to be Mesopotamia, or the country between the two rivers Euphrates and Tigris; and Haran, whither Terah and his family first removed, has accordingly been placed within that country, and consequently beyond the Euphrates. The epithet of Naharaim, or "of the two rivers," being merely a descriptive appellation, so far from belonging solely to the country between the Tigris and Euphrates, is equally applicable to any locality possessing a similar geographical character. For example, there is a place, which bears that name at the present day, within the bosom of the larger Naharaim or Mesopotamia, at the confluence of the rivers Khabour and Sinjar. So, in the peninsula of India, we see the name of Doab, of which the literal signification is the same as that of Naharaim, applied to the whole tract of country, between the two great rivers Ganges and Jumna, and to several smaller districts in the province of Lahore, between the Chinaub and Ravey rivers, the Ravey and Beyah, and the Beyah and Sutuleje. The designation Naharaim being applicable, therefore, with equal truth to any tract of country situate between two rivers, Aram Naharaim or Padan Aram, which is also called in another place D 172 (Sedéh Arám), that is, “the field or cultivated country of Aram," can mean nothing more than a plain and fertile cultivated district between two rivers, in the country of Aram.

Of Aram we are informed, that "Damascus was its head," and we further know, that Beth-Rehob and Zobah and Maacah and Ish-Tob, which were also cities and places of Aram, were all situate to the north-east of Canaan and at no great distance from Damascus.

Arguing also from the distance which Laban must have travelled before he overtook Jacob, which he averages at 105 miles, he proceeds:

We can hardly be wrong, therefore, in placing the situation of Haran somewhere in the neighbourhood of Damascus; and I will even affirm it, as a highly probable fact, that the country watered by the Parphar and Abanathe fertile district known in after-times as the Ager Damascenus-was Padan Aram, in which was situated the city of Haran or Charran. It may be observed, however, that the country not far south of Damascus, known at the present day by the name of El Ledja (apparently the Trachonitis of Strabo), and which is situate between the rivers Wady Kanoudi and Wady Lowa, may also probably possess a claim to be considered as Padan Aram. The further southward that the site of Padan Aram can reasonably be placed, the better it will comply with the condition, which appears to be requisite, of its being a country adjoining that of the Ammonites; for Balaam the son of Beor lived at Pethor of Padan Aram, which, we are told, was situate by the river of the land of the children of Ammon. This latter position of Padan Aram would also seem to suit better, as the site of the country, of which Chushan-Rishathaim was king, which must have been in the vicinity of Canaan, like those of Moab, Ammon, and Amalek, which are mentioned in conjunction with it.

Dy for 1 on the authorities of the Samaritan, Syriac and Vulgate, 12 MSS. in Kennicott,

and 2 in De Rossi

Asiat. Jour.N.S.VOL.14 No.54.

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