The Elements of Morality

Art. 219. Law is a means of Moral Education.

220. Jural Discipline of the Romans.

PAGE

223.

Other classes of Rights.

The Right of Reputation.

224. Defamation in Roman and English Law.

BOOK III.

MORALITY.

OF VIRTUES AND DUTIES.

CHAP. I. OF MORAL PRECEPTS

.

Art. 225. Morality regards internal Acts.

226.

227.

228.
229.

CHAP. II.

Art. 230.

Duties and Virtues.

Moral depends on jural Character.
Laws and Moral Precepts.
Precepts of the Five Classes.

OF THE IDEA OF MORAL GOODNESS

The Supreme Law must be positive.

231. Conceptions to which it tends.

232. Ideas of Benevolence, Justice, Truth, Purity,

Order.

233. Idea of Goodness.

234. Objective and Subjective Justice, &c.

235.

236.

Names of Objective and Subjective Virtues.

The Five Cardinal Virtues.

237. Vice.

CHAP. III.

VIRTUES AND VICES

1. Virtues of the Affections.

Art. 238. Kinds of Love. The Heart.

239. Regard. Gratitude, &c.

240. Good-humour. Good-nature, &c.
241. Mildness. Meekness, &c.

242. Sympathy. Compassion, &c.
243. Admiration.

244.

Reverence, &c.

Resentment. Indignation, &c.

245. Offence. Revenge, &c.

246.

Ill-humour. Ill-nature, &c.

247. Contempt. Insult, &c.

156

161

169

2. Virtues of the Mental Desires.

Art. 252. Liberality. Fear of Poverty, &c.

253. Covetousness. Frugality, &c.

254. Ambition. Fairness.

3. Virtues connected with Truth.

255. Truthfulness. Fidelity, &c.

4. Virtues relating to the Bodily Desires.

256. Temperance. Chastity, &c.

265. The Moral Vocabulary is a Moral Lesson.

266. The common judgment is moral.

CHAP. IV. MORAL PRINCIPLES

Art. 267. Moral exercises needed.

268. Operative Principles and Express Principles.

269. The Principles (express) of Humanity, Justice,

Truth, Purity, Order.

270. The Principle of Earnestness.

271. The Principle of Moral Ends.

272. Operative Principles. Spirit of Justice, &c.

CHAP. V.

Art. 273.

DUTIES

Virtue depends on Duty.

274. Duty involves conscious Thought.

275. Duty becomes Virtue by repetition.

276. No Heroic Duties.

277. The Sense of Duty.

278. Duty is determined by social relations.

279. Duty gives Moral Significance to Obligations.

280. Classification of Duties.

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191

195

CHAP. VI. DUTIES OF THE AFFECTIONS

Art. 281.

Special benevolent Affections are Duties.

282. Gratitude is a Duty.

283.

284.

285.

Reverence for Superiors is a Duty.

Filial Affection is a Duty.

Parental Affection is a Duty.

286. Conjugal Affection is a Duty.

287. Fraternal Affection is a Duty.

288. Love of Fellow-citizens is a Duty.

289. Other Relative Duties of Affection.

290. Duty of Universal Benevolence.

291. The Human Family.

292. Duty of Compassion.

CHAP. VII. OF THE MORAL CULTURE OF THE AFFEC

TIONS AS A DUTY

Art. 293. We are approved or condemned for our Affec-

tions.

294. We can cultivate our Affections by thoughts of

Duty;

295. By unfolding conceptions of Virtues ;

296. By unfolding the notion of doing Good;

297. By acts of Duty.

298. We have never done all that is possible.

299. Our Moral Culture is a Duty.

300. Our Moral Progress never terminates.

301. It is our Duty to cultivate Gratitude, &c.

302. This Duty includes the Duty of Gratitude, &c.

303. Transgression is an interruption of moral progress.

304. The greatest interruptions are the greatest trans-

gressions.

305. The Duty of Moral Culture adds to other Duties.

306. Moral Perfection is our greatest Good.

CHAP. VIII. DUTIES RESPECTING PROPERTY AND OTHER
OBJECTS OF DESIRES

Art. 307. Desires to be directed by a Spirit of Justice;

308. And by a Spirit of Moral Purpose.

309. Duty of Moral Progress in such Spirit.

310. Wealth is a means of Moral Progress:

311.

312.

For poor as well as rich.

CHAP. IX.

Power to be used for Moral Culture of others.

PAGE

199

209

217

This Duty regulated by Mutual Understanding.

Art. 319.

Principle of Purity.

320. There is a Higher Part of our Nature.

321. Special Duties of Purity.

322. Purity of Heart to be cultivated.

323. Impure Acts especially impede Moral Progress;
324. Though not forbidden by Law.

325.

Seduction.

326. Purity of Youth to be preserved.

327.

CHAP. XI.

Art. 328.

The prospect of Marriage a preservative.

DUTIES OF ORDER

Duties, and Spirit of Obedience.

329. Duties depend on Customs in part.

330. Duty of Obedience to the Laws.

331. In many cases the Letter not the Spirit of the

Laws.

332. Duties of Command.

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Art. 345. Our highest object is Intellectual and Moral

Progress.

346. Of ourselves and others.

347. Such progress is possible.

348. Can never terminate.

352. Degrees of Guilt.

353. Measure of Guilt.

251

Art. 354. Interruption of Moral Progress.

355. Repentance.

356.

Amendment.

357. Not necessarily sufficient.
358.

Amendment must be immediate.

CHAP. XIV. OF CONSCIENCE

Art. 359.

What is Conscience?

360. Synteresis, Syneidesis.

361. Conscience the Law.

362.

363.

Conscience the Witness.

Conscience the Punisher.

364. To act against Conscience is wrong.

365. Is to act according to Conscience always right?

366. Conscience to be enlightened and instructed.

367. Aid of Religion needed.

368. Conscience not an Ultimate Authority.

369. May be erroneous.

370. Not valid as a Reason.

Reverence due to Conscience.

A good man is conscientious.

Doubtful Conscience. Good Conscience.

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259

CASES OF CONSCIENCE RESPECTING TRUTH 267

Art. 374. Cases of Conscience.

375. Casuistry often suspected.

376. A Case of Conscience means, What ought I
to do?

377. Interpretation of Promises.

378. Erroneous Promises.

Promises released by the Promisee.

Unlawful Promises

Not to be kept: but the Relative Duty is vio-

Which Promisee does not think unlawful.

284.

Promises which become unlawful.

Elector's Promise.

385. Promise to a Representative.

386. Promise to be kept after the immoral action.

387. Contradictory Promises.

388. Impossible Promises.

389 Extorted Promises.

390. Promise to Robbers.

391. Should the Promise be given?

392. Analogy of the Law.

Boeken

The Elements of Morality: Including Polity, Volume 1