The chofen Friend of a Patriot Prince. to a Creole after which it will be evident that they mean to make excep tions to no man, on account of the place of his nativitý. t 1 A 319 manity incline him to give a peace to the nations round him upon terms ho nourable to himself and his kingdom; if he makes the law of the land the rule of his conduct, and is known to dedicate many of thofe hours which the unthinking would fquander in voluptuoufnels and diffipation, to the study of those laws, of which the exe cutive part is entrusted to him; if virtuous ability has ever found encouragement from him, and none have ever rifen to honour by infamous arts, manu, ventre, pene, as the Raman hifto rian expreffes it; if all thefe qualities, and many more which need not be enumerated, are the diftinguishing cha racteristics of the royal mind, it will then be no ftrain of panegyrick to pronounce the poffeffor of them a PA TRIOT PRINCE. Now, Faction, rear all your hydraheads, and anfwer me, Does there not exift, at this very time, in fome part of the known world, fuch a monarch as I have here feebly defcribed? Your ferpents droop, and with the pangs of difappointed malice, with the confufion of defpairing party-rage, even Calumny itfelf is obliged to acknowledge that fuch a prince does actually exift. And if there does, to be diftinguished by him as a favourite among those who have not been used to make their court to virtue, to be felected as his friend, the true Mentor of a real Telemachus, muft render refpeatable to the prefent age, and transmit with every mark of applaufe to pofterity the name of that deserving subject, who has the rare happiness of thriving at a court by honest and liberal arts. The AUDITOR, No. V. contains a character of the shofen friend of a patriot prince. If a Prince (fays this writer) in his earlieft infancy has difcovered ftrong natural instincts of benevolence and generofity; if as he grew in years, thofe propenfities gathered ftrength, and very foon fhot up into the bloom of manly virtues if the B days of his minority were employed in the acquifition of useful and ornamental knowledge; if he gave diftinguishing proofs of a regard for the works of genius, and did not shew the authors of them a fenfe of their merit, without the love; but on the contrary, if his protection and royal C munificence have been extended even to those whom obfcurity of rank had almost thrown at a total distance from his notice; if, while he was yet a subject, he did not attempt to fet up for himself a feperate intereft in the state; never fuffered his court to be the rendezvous of faction, or delighted in D party divifions; if he never made his royal apartments the feraglio of harfots, thereby giving an example of obScene manners to an whole people ; but on the contrary, if, while he was heir apparent to the crown of his anceltors, he practiced all the duties of E a private man, an encourager of morals and of literature, diftinguished for filial piety and brotherly affection; if by arts like thefe he became the favourite of his future people, and, when the crown of his predeceffors devolved to him, his elevation could in no fhape deprave the dignity of his nature; if he continued then firm in the exertion of every aimiable endowment, transferring the accomplishments, which he had acquired in a private station, into that higher orb of life, which he was born to move in; if on his first acceffion to fove- G reignty he gloried in being a native of that country which it is his hereditary right to govern; if he extends to a tract of foreign dominion devolved to him from his ancestors that regard. which an equitable prince will always entertain for his fubjects, but never once ballances an alien interest against his native land; if the honour of his crown infpirits him to carry on a just war against the enemies of his kingdom, while his moderation and hu F A Defcription of a Method to cool Liquors in bot Weather. Τ IT has been found by repeated ex periments, that feveral kinds of falt have the property of communicating to water in which they are diffolved, a degree of cold greater than that of ice, provided the water and the falt were at the time when they were mixed as cool as water in a well, which is generally about 10 degrees above the freezing point. This degree of cold may always be given them, by letting them down into a well, or placing them in a cistern Hin a good cellar. When this is done, if 20 ounces of fal ammoniac well pulverifed and paffed through a fieve, be put into a pan of tin veifel with five pints of wa ter, 320 Method to cool Liquors in bot Weather. ter, the mixture will, in one minute and an half, caufe a thermometer that is dipped into it, to fall two degrees and an half below the freezing point; and if a quart bottle of any liquor, that is already as cool as a good cellar or a well will make it, be put into the mixture, it will, in about half an hour, acquire a degree of cold about three degrees and a half above the freezing point: The mixture will also be then of the fame temperament, for as the mixture cools the bottle of liquor, the bottle of liquor will proportionably warm the mixture. The mixture, however, will continue fufficiently cold, to give to 3 bottles fuccessfully a degree of coolness, very little fhort of what they would have acquired from the application of ice as commonly used, if the first bottle stays in it so minutes, the 2d 15, and the gu 30. A C thick glass bottle were to receive the cold of the mixture in common with the wine, and alfo in common with that communicate a portion of their heat to the mixture. But it has been hitherto fuppofed, that the wine to be cooled, and the water and falt, with the vessels to be ufed, bad been feparately made as cool as a well could make them before they were put together; but this cannot be done at fea, where there is often more need of an expedient to cool liquor Bthan on fhore. At fea, there are alfo other disadvantages, for fea water, which is already impregnated with marine falt and bitumen, will not receive the fame degree of cold from fal ammoniac as fresh water will; which, however, is generally too fcarce and valuable on board a fhip to be used for this purpose. This procefs appears, indeed, at first. to be expenfive, as the 20 ounces of fal ammoniac will cost between three and four fhillings; but if the water in which this falt has been diffolved, be evaporated, the falt will be found at the bottom of the veffel, without D having fuffered at all in its virtue, and with a very inconfiderable diminution of its weight, twenty ounces having Joft only a few grains. Care, however, must be taken to evaporate the water in a veffel of tin, or fome other metal, for if the evaporation is made in an earthen vesel, the fal ammoniac will efcape through it while it is in a ftate of folution; though when the water is fo nearly evaporated as to rifque the melting of the metal veffel, the falt may be put into an earthen one, and the evaporation compleated without danger, as the falt will then be too thick to pene trate it. The fame effect may be produced with falt petre as with fal ammoniac, but not with the fame quantity; more falt petre must be used, but then the coarfet fort will do, and even gun powder not fit for ufe will ferve the purpose: The falt petre alfo may be recovered without lofs by evaporation. But though water that has been expofed to the air, in which Farenheit's thermometer ftands at 28 degrees will not become lo cool with a given quantity of fal ammoniac, as water that is reduced to a temperature not more than 10 degrees above the freezing point; yet as the warm water will diffolve more fal ammoniac than the cold, if the quantity of fal- ammoniac he encreased in proportion of the capacity of the water to diffolve it, arising from its heat, the effect will be nearly equal, and in any climate wine may be reduced at leaft to the coldnels of the best cellar, by mixing a proper quantity of fal ammoniac even with fea water, which, notwithstanding its faltnefs, will diffolve as much fal ammoniac as fresh water, and receive nearly the fame degree of coldnefs from it. : To this account it may be added, Fif it is fpeedy and long continued, the that evaporation produces cold, and cold produced will be intense to a furprifing degree. The bulb of a ther mometer filled with quickfilver, being kept wetted with the fubtil fpirit, now well known by the name of Ether, while a conftant stream of air was blown upon it by two pair of bellows, the cold foon became fo intenfe that the quicksilver froze to a folid mals, and continued fo till it was forged into a fiat plate... In this process, the fighteft veffels fhould be ufed, becaufe the falts and water lose their cold in proportion to the mafs of warmer matter with which they are in contact. If the net, frigerating mixture be contained in a H very thin fight tin veffici, and the wine to be cooled be put into a Flurence flask, the experiment will fucceed/much.better, than if a heavy, earthen, and a Mr URBAN, Ealing, June 30, 1764. COU was fo obhging to give the Public in fome of your for mer Magazines, a differtation on the migration of (wallows. I was Migration of Swallows-Proceedings against Portugal. 321 I was in hopes it would have excited the curious obfervers in nature to give fome inftances for or against the paffage of fwallows from one country to another, as the feafon varies; for it is a point in doubt. Some will have them go under water, and lie there all winter; others, that they go to Africa; and fome maintain they do not go away, but retire and hide themfelves in caves and caverns, and fleep all winter. If my mite will contribute to elucidate the fubject, you will pleafe to communicate it to the Public. I am Yours, &c. W. TRUEMAN. Taken from Francis Leguat's Voyage to the E. Indies, printed in London, 1708. Sept. 4. Sailed from the Texel. 18. Made the islands of Shetland. 08. 22. Made the Canary Ifles. N.B. a fwallow attended our fhip feven days C to the Cape Verd Iflands, which we let fly every morning, and returned in the evening; was killed by an accident. November 12. Near Ile of Bonavist 16 N. Lat. on the coaft of Africa, tour fwallows followed us for fome time. Every morning and night entertained us with their agreeable mufic. To our difappointment was chaced away by another bird. Probably thefe fwallows had ftragled from the great flocks that about this time a year leave Europe to take up their winter abroad in Africa, as Mr Adanfon has clearly proved in his E late hiftory of Senegal. N. B. The chimney fwallow is diftinguished by its forked tail, fings more and prettier than any of the other fpecies. refute the last memorial of Portugal of the 5th of April, they make to that memorial only the following general reply. The king of Portugal has confeffed, that England has given him caufe to break the defenfive treaties, by faying, that it does not outweigh the calami-. ties of a war; but Portugal will not incur equal calamity by waging a war against England, as by waging a war againft France and Spain; and yet, tho England has given him offence, and France and Spain have given him none, except by perfuading him to regard his intereft, he has chofen a war with France and Spain, rather than a war with England. The king of Portugal cannot fee, becaufe he will not fee, that his defenfive treaties with England, are offenfive with regard to Spain and France, the preceding memorials in which they are proved to be fo, being unanswerable. Notwithstanding the king of Portugal infifts, that there is no difference between her neutrality and that of other powers, and that he cannot be Djuftly forced out of it; yet fuch neutrality cannot be regarded with indifference, on account of the inconveniencies experienced by Spain in other wars with England. An Account if the Proceedings of France and Spain, with respect to Portugal. F Continued from p. 207. N the 23d of April, the Spanish amballador Torrero, with the French minifter O'Dunn, prefented a third memorial to the court of Portugal to the following effect: The faid ambaflador and minifter having loft all hope that their mafters fhould prevail with the king of Portugal to unite his forces with their's, and hake of his prejudicial dependance upon England, Portugal being fo accuftomed to this evil as not to perceive it, or the English having gained a def. potic power over her understanding, fince the wippt admit the reafonings of France and Spain; and knowing, that though eafy, it would be useless to (Gen. Mag. July 1762. Since the king of Portugal founds his honour upon not delivering himfelf from the yoke of England, the kings of France and Spain found theirs on attempting it; and will maintain it with as much inflexibility as the king of Portugal refolves to do, when he declares, he will rather than give it up, fee the laft ftone of his palace overturned, and the laft drop of blood in his dominions fhed. Laftly, the king of Portugal having determined, rather to refift the Spanish forces as enemies, than admit them as friends, it is not fit a Spanish ambalfador or a French plenipotentiary, fhould continue longer at Lisbon, and the neceffary paffports are therefore Grequired for their departure. H To this memorial, Portugal replied, in fubftance as follows, on the 2d day after its delivery, April 25. His majesty the king of Portugal, finds nothing new in the preceeding memorial that thould caufe him to al ter his refolutions; nor is he furprized at the effective rupture now owned by Spain and France, in the progrefs of an unexampled negociation, which was 322 King of Portugal's Declaration of War against Spain. was opened by notifying to his majeity, that it was agreed between Spain and France, without any previous notice, to make the neutral kingdom of · Portugal the theatre of war. The king of Portugal places his honour folely in being faithful to his word, and in fulfilling the duties of his crown, of religion and humanity, which forbid his entering into an offenfive war, against any power which has not given him juft caufe, tho' not allied by reciprocal treaties, which have been kept inviolable for ages past, as thofe with England have been. B That no part of the memorial of the 5th of April, can without the groffeft perverfion of the fenfe and intention of it, be tortured into a confeffion, that England had given caufe to break the treaties; becaufe, on the contrary, his C Portuguefe majefly owes to England all that good harmony which is the natural effect of thofe ancient alliances. His majefty fees no other difference between his neutrality and that of other powers, than the manner in which 'his frontiers are befet, under no other pretence, than that it is convenient for France and Spain, that Portugal fhould violate her treaties. D them, under the incompatible pretext of affifting me against enemies, which they fuppofed for fuch, that never exifted; and whereas different general A officers of his Catholic Majesty, have fucceffively, fin e the 30th of April laft, fpread various papers through my dominions, prefcribing laws and fanctions to my fubjects, invading at the fame time my provinces with an army divided into various bodies, attacking my fortified places, and perpetrating all the aforefaid hoftilities, under the pretence of directing them to the advantage and glory of my crown and of my fubjects; and in fuch light even the Catholic King himself has reprefented the cafe to me; and whereas, notwithstanding all these contradictory and unheard of motives, an offenfive war has been made against me, contrary to truth and jus. tice, by the aforefaid two monarchs, through mutual confent: I have ordered it to be made known to all my fubjects, that they hold all disturbers or violaters of the independent fovereignty of my crown, and all invaders of my kingdom, as public aggreffors and declared enemies; and from henceforward, in natural defence, and neceflary retortion, they be treated as aggreffors and declared enemies in all and every fenfe; and that to opprefs them in their perfons and effects, all military perfons, and others, authorifed by me, mal ufe of the molt executive means, which, in thefe cafes, are fupported by all laws; and that, in like manner, all faid military and every other person or perfons, of whatever rank, quality, or condition they be, quit all communication and correfpondence with the faid enemies, under the penalties decreed against rebels and traitors. I likewife order that all the fubjects of France and Spain that refide in this city, or in the kingdoms of Portugal and Algarva, retire within the precife term of 15 days, to reckon from the day of the publication of this decree, otherwife they fhall be treated as enemies, and their effects confifcated; and that in all the wet as well as dry ports of this kingdom, all commerce and communication ceafe with the atorefaid monarchies of France and Spain, and all fruits, manufactures, or goods of any kind, of the produce of the fad monarchies, be deemed conH traband, and the entry, fale, and use of them be prohibited. Ordered, that this decree be affix d and tranf His majefty's fole view is to defend and preferve himfelf in peace, which by all the laws of God, of nature, and nations he has a right to do; and he has the fame right to defend his kingdom from invation, as every private E perfon has to defend his houfe againft any body that should attempt to enter it against his confent, and that he will do it with his utmost efforts, aflifted by thofe of his allies. He orders the neceffary paffports for -the Spanish and French representatives to be ready when they fhall fend for F them; and declares, that in fach cafe, he will fend expreffes to recall his ambaffador and plenipotentiary from Spain and France. On the 23d of May his Portuguese majeity iffued the following Declaration of War against Spain : Hereas the ambassador of Caftile, W Don Joseph Torrero, in conjunc tion with Don Jacob O'Dunne, minifter plenipotentiary of France, by their reprefentations and the answers I have given thereto. it appears that one of the projects agreed on between the aforefa'd powers in the Family Pa&t was, to difpofe of thefe kingdoms as if they were their own; to invade them, to occupy them, and ufurp G Declaration of Spain mitted to every country, that it may come to the knowledge of all my fubjects. I have given orders to the intendant-general of the Police, to grant paffports to all the aforefaid, who have entered thefe kingdoms, bona fide, on their bulinefs, that they be permitted to retire unmolested.-Palace of Noa Senhora da Ajuda, 18th May 1762. With the Rubrick of his majefty., Antonio Luiz de Cordes. On the 15th day of June the King of Spain iffued the following Declaration B of War against Portugal: TEither my representations, four NE ded in juftice and utility, nor the fraternal perfuafives with which I accompanied them, have been able to alter the King of Portugal's blind af C E for the His ministers, ia having found, that the Por- G H against Portugal.. 323 moderation, and the exactness with On the 20th day of June the French King iffuted his Declaration of War against Portugal, as follows: HE being obliged to fupport a war against England, having entered into reciprocal engagements to curb the exceffive ambition of that crown, and the defpotifm which it pretends to ufurp, in every fea, and particularly in the Eaft and Weft Indies, over the trade and navigation of other powers. Their majefties judged that one proper ftep for attaining this end would be, to invite the King of Portugal to enter into their alliance. It was natural to think that the propo fals, which were made to that prince on this fubject, in the name of his Majeity and of his Catholic majelty, would be readily accepted. This opinion was founded on the confideration of what the most Faithful king owed to himself and to his people, who from the beginning of the prefent century groaned under the imperious yoke of the English. Befides, the event hath but too clearly fhewn the neceffity of the just measures taken by France and Spain with regard to a fufpicious and dangerous neutrality that had all the inconveniencies of a concealed war. The memorials prefented to the court of Lisbon on this fubject have been made publick: All Europe hath feen the folid, reasons of juftice and conveniency which were the founda tion of their demand on the king of Portugal: to these were added, on the part of Spain, motives of the most tender friendship and affiduity, which ought to have made the ftrongest and molt falutary impreffion on the mina of the mott Faithful king. But thefe powerful and juft confiderations were fo far from determin. ing that prince to unite with his ma jesty |