Father la Tour of the Society of Jefus. ing it heroic. This man, whofe name in all ages will be remembered with admiration; and fuch as have imitated him, were the objects of my flander." Now, fuppofing that the Jefuit who heard this conteflion, had received fome perfonal injury from all the per- A fons whom the penitent had calumniated; and fuppofing him a relation and friend of the penitent himself, would he not however tell him, You have been guilty of heinous crimes, which you cannot do too much to expiate? This penitent, however, would per- B fift in daily afperfing all that is moft venerable on earth, and his confeflor would not now be spared; for, because he had difapproved of his evil ways, 349 bably there will be no genuine edi- With these fentiments, I fhall ever An Hiftorical Account of the Titles of fuch he would accufe both him and his bre-has heir to the crown of England thren of loose morals. The fcribbler of the libel is heartily welcome to my name, to charge me with principles which I never adopted, and books which I never wrote, or which have been fcandalously corrupted by the editors: I thall only say, what the great Corneille faid on a fimilar occafion, I fubmit my writings to the judgment of the Church. I queition D E whether he will do as much. I will has the title of Prince of Wales. Next to his father, he is chief in the realm, and, by courfe of the civil law, is to fit at his right hand in all folemn affemblies of ftate and honour; but he has no kingly prerogative by the laws of Britain, in the life of his father (a); but acknowledges a reverence, not only as to a father, but alio as to his fovereign; and to that purpole, continues that motto ICH DIEN, ferve (b). By a ftatute of the 25th of Edw. III. chap. 2. it is declared, "That to compafs or imagine the death of the king's elde fon and heir, is Crimen læfæ Majeftatis, High treafon; as alfo to violate the wife of the king's eldeft fon." Sir William Segar faith, he is stiled Princeps, quia principalis in firenuitate poft regem (c). Since the Union, his title is, Magna Britanniæ Princeps. He is born Duke of Cornwall; and immediately intitled to all the rights, revenues, &c. belonging thereto; as being Fdeemed in law at full age on his birthday. He is afterwards (at the pleafure of the King) created Prince of Wales, at which time he is prefented before the king in his furcoat, cloak, -and mantle of crimfon velvet, and girt G with a belt of the fame, when the king putteth a cap of crimfon velvet, indented and turned up with ermine, and a coronet on his head, as a token of principality; and the king alfo putteth into his hand a verge of gold, the emblem of governinent, and a ring of gold on his middle finger, to intimate 350 Hiftorical Account of the Princes of Wales. that he must be a husband to his country, and a father to her children. To him are likewife given and granted letters patent, to hold the faid principality, to him and his heirs, kings of England, by which words the separation of this principality is for ever prohibited (d). His revenues, as duke of Cornwall, are computed at 14,000 l. per annum. The revenues of the principality were estimated, above three hundred years ago, at 4,680 l. per annum (e). A His mantle, which he wears at the coronation, is doubled below the elbow B with ermine, fpotted diamond-wife; but the robe which he wears in parliament is adorned with five bars or guards of ermine, fet at an equal diftance one from the other, with a gold lace above each bar. The coronet placed on his head at his creation (as above) is of gold, and confiits of croffes-pattee, and fleurs de lis, with the addition of one arch, and in the midt a ball, and a cross, as hath the royal diadem, which was folemnly ordered to be used by a grant, dated Feb. 9, 1660-61, 11th Charles II. King Edward I. having reduced D Wales, by a ftatute made the 12th of his reign, united it to the crown of England; but perceiving that the Welch had no affection to be ruled by itrangers, he fo ordered, that Eleanor his queen, on the 25th of April 1284, was delivered of a fon in Caernarvon calle E in North Wales; and then the faid king called together the barons of Wales, and demanding if they would be content to fubject themselves to one of their own natives, that could not speak one word of English, and againft whofe life they could take no jutt exception, they readily confented; and having fworn F to yield obedience, he nominated this new-born fon, whom, in his charter the 24th of March 1305, and 33d year of his reign, he filed Prince of Wales, being the first of the fons and heirs apparent of the kings of England that bole that title (f). Edward, eldelt fon of King Edward III. was born the 15th of June, 1330, and in the parliament held at Wellminfer the 11th of his reign, was created duke of Cornwall, by a charter bearing date the 17th of March, 1338, and invefted by the fword only; this being the first precedent for the creation of the title of a duke with us in (4) British Compend, vol. i, p. 23. (f) Ibid. p. 20. England; and from this Prince Edward, the dukedom of Cornwall hath ever fince flept in the crown; for the eldeft fon and heir apparent of the King of England is duke of Cornwall by birth (g). Duke Edward was likewife created Prince of Wales by his father, in the parliament held at Pontefract, Anno 1342, the 16th of his reign, by letters patent, dated the 18th of March the fame year; as alfo created Earl of Chester and Flint; and was invested in the principality of Wales, with thefe enfigns of honour, viz. a chaplet of gold, made in manner of a garland, a gold ring, and a verge, red, or scepter of filver: And for the better fupport of his eftate, as prince of Wales, granted him feveral lands, particularly enumerated in a writ, to be delivered to this prince, or his attorney, with this dignity. In the 16th year of his age, this prince (commonly diftinguithed by the name of the Black Prince, from the black armour he used to wear) accompanied the king his father into France, where, at his landing, he received the honour of knighthood from that martial king's hands; and at the battle of Crefy, which was fought on the 26th of August, 1346, leading the van-guard, he there flew John of Luxemburgh, king of Bohemia, and then deplumed his cafque of thofe oftrichfea hers, which, in memory of this victory, became his cognifance; fometimes using one feather, fometimes three, as appeareth by his feals and on his tomb, with fcrolls containing this motto, ICH DIEN; alluding to the words of the apostle, That the heir, whilft he is a child, differet nothing from a fervant: And thefe feathers and motto have been ever fince borne by our Princes of Wales, with the addi tion, by the more modern kings of an open coronet, (in which the three feathers are stuck) and by the vulgar are called the prince's arms; tho' the G ancient arms of the princes of Wales, whilst they were fovereigns, wore, Quarterly, gules and or, four lions paifant, counterchanged; but now the arms of that prince differ from thofe of the king, only by the addition of a label of three points, Luna in chief, and the creit and dexter fupporters H (g) Sandford's Genealogical History of the Kings of England, p. 181.-The heir apparent (if it comes by the death of an elder brother) as foon as his father is King, is allo Duke of Cornwall. are A Defcription of the Havannah. are crowned with a prince's coronet, Edward V. was born Nov. 4, 1470, the tenth year of his father's reign, and was created Prince of Wales, July 26, 1471 (i). Arthur Tudor, eldest son of K. Henry VI. was born Sept. 20, 1486, the 2d B year of his father's reign, and was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chefter, October 1, 1480, at three years of age (k). Edward VI. was born October 12, 1557, the 29th year of the reign of his father, Henry VIII. and in Jan. 1546, when all things were prepared for creating him Prince of Wales, his father died, and he fucceeded him at nine years of age (1). C Charles II. was born May 29, 1630, A Defcription of the HAVANA, from a TH F HE city of HAVANNA, which is (b) British Compendium, vol. i. p. 22. () Ibid. p. 467, (m) Ibid. p. 575. H 351 the middle of the town is a fpacious' fquare, furrounded with uniform buildings. The churches are rich. and magnificent, the lamps, candlefticks, and ornaments for the altars being of gold and filver; fome of the lamps are of the most curious workmanship, and weigh near an hundred weight In 1700 the number of inhabitanss was computed at 26,000, and we may very well imagine it to be encreased fince. They are a more polite and fociable people than the inhabitants of any Spanish port on the continent, and of late imitate the French, both in their drefs and manOne part of the island is under the jurifdiction of this city, as the other is under that of St Jago. The district belonging to the Havana is by far the best cultivated, yet it has not above fix towns and villages in it. ners. The port is the best in the Weft Indies, and fo capacious, that 1000 fail of fhips may ride there commodiously. There is, generally speaking, fix fathom of water in the bay, At the entrance of the channel, which is pretty narrow, and of difficult accefs to an enemy, being well flanked by forts and platform of guns, there are two ftrong caffles, which are supposed capable of defending the place against any number of ships. El Morro is a caftle that ftands upon an high rock, the fortifications are of ftone, irregular, and fo confined towards the fea, that they cannot bring any more than four guns to bear upon one object; it is more regular towards the land, but being upon a rock, and of fmall compafs, might with fhells be. rendered not tenable. It is overlooked by the Cavanas, a high land which runs along the N. E. fide of the entrance into the bay, and commands all the fortifications that defend the entrance. Under the faces or the S. W. angle of the caftle, and more within the en trance into the harbour, is a battery of ftone called the twelve apoftles; a little higher, and oppofite the point-gate is the la Divina Paftora or Shepherds battery of stone for 13 guns (then not quite finished) level with the water, but fo fituated under the hill, (which is here very rocky) that it will be almolt impoffible for men to ftand to their guns, on account of splinters from the rock above. From the governor's houfe to the Punta gate, fronting the mouth of the harbour. there are four batteries opening 352 Account of the late Window-Alt. Over the Punta gate, and towards the A entrance into the harbour, there is a large ftone battery: this is alfo overlooked from the opposite hill, and likewife from the rifing ground on the N. fide of the village of Guadaloupe. The Puntal is a fquare caftle, with 4 baftions, regular, but fmall, about 200 yards diftant from the gate, from which it is feparated by a ditch with a drawbridge. The ground here is low, wet, and marthy; behind the marsh, and Jorning to the S. W fide of the glacis of the Puntal, there is a breast-work of earth pallifadoed, to cover the communication of the castle, with the Punta gate, and the road that leads to the Lazaretto. From the Puntal gate to the dockyard, there is a rampart with bastions; faced with ftone, and earthen parapets, with a ditch, which in feveral places is fallen in, and almoft filled up, particularly behind the Punta and landgates near the stone quarries, which if Joined to one another, might be of D great detriment to the place in case of a fiege, as lodgments might be made in them; the ground here rifes with an ealy afcent to the land-gate, and is either open pafture or garden ground, weil ftored with the cabbage tree. Before the land gate is a ravelin, the hill on a rifing ground from this gate (which is the highest part of the town) to the dock yard, is fteeper than on the other fide. E Almoft half a mile from the gate, is the church of Guadaloupe, being the bighest ground on the land fide of the town, and if not fortified (which it F was not in August 1759) feems to be the most advantageous fpot to command the town, being higher than any part of it except the land-gate, which it feems to be nearly on a level with. From the North fide of this rifing ground the Punta gate may be flanked, and from the S. E. fide the dock yard is commanded. Along the N. Gide runs an aqueduct, which falling into the ditch at the land gate, runs down to the dock yard both for watering the thips and turning a faw mill. Abont haf a mile from the church, is a bridge made over a rivalet that runs into the bay above 100 yards. From this bridge to the Lazarato is about two miles, with a rifing ground betwixt them, A trench thrown up between there two places, would cut H off the communication with the town by land. The Lazaretto is about a mile and a half from the Punta gate; near this place is a fmall fandy bay, where there had been a fmall redoubt. From the bay to the Punta the coaft is a low flat rock, about three feet higher than the level of the fea. The garrifon in August 1759, con: fifted of two regiments of foot, and part of a regiment of horse, 300 mulattoes, and 4 or 5000 militia. The iflanders, (excepting thofe that cultivated the land) are hunters, well mounted, and inured to fatigue, provifions good and plenty, their beef, wild cattle, caught by the hunters in the woody parts of the inland. From the above obfervations, it is evident, that though the Havanna is well fortified,and perhaps ftronger than any other place belonging to the Spaniards in the Weft Indies, yet it is far from being impregnable, as fome have pretended. A proper force, fuch as is now employed against it, landed on the welt fide of the city, would foon become mafters of it, as the walls on the land fide are fow and in a perishing state; nor could either of the cattles above defcribed prevent their approaches, unless the hill upon which the church of Guadaloupe ftands, is properly fortified and the Spaniards then may baffle the beft conducted attemps,as the rainy feafon fets in in July. Explanation of the late All for laying a new Lane upon Windero-lights. Br Y the last act of parliament relative to window-lights, the duty, after the 5th day of April laft, is as follows: On houfes containing eight or nine windows, the duty of three fhillings a houfe is continued, and one fhilling a window is added. On houfes containing ten of eleven windows, the duty of three fhillings for the house, and the tax of fixpence a window, are tentinued; and a new tax of fixpence a window is added, which makes houles of 8, 9, 10, and 11 windows equal. On houfes containing 42, 13, and 14, the duty of three shillings, and the old tax of fix-pence a window are continued; and a new tax of one filling is added. On houfes containing 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19, the duty of three fillings a house, and the tax of one fhilling and three-pence a window are continued, and an additional tax of threepence a window added; which make houfes of twelve to nineteen windows equal to the tax now fands thus: all houfes wuh mere than fix, and lefs than 12 windows, pay I s. a window; and every houle with Weelve win. dows, or upwards, pays one thilling and 12pence a window befdes the hould duty. Enquiry into Oriental An Enquiry into the Origin of the Defpotifm of Eaftern Government. (Continued from p. 303.) T HE object of which thefe ceremonies were fymbolical repre- A fentations, was in procefs of time regarded as fo ftupendous and fublime, that the priests giving up the ceremonies to the people, and leaving them to their own conjectures about them, revealed their true fignification only to a felected few, and this gave rife to the ancient myfteries of Ceres, Ofiris, B Adonis, and many others, to which none were admitted but after long and auftere preparation. The regular revolution of the heavenly bodies, and the harmony that was at length reftored to the world, produced, for a long time, a conftant and unbounded gratitude to the fu- C preme being; yet this very regularity and harmony were made ufe of to remind men of the inftability of their condition, for fear a forgetfulness of the paft, and a habit of permanent felicity, thould extinguifh the falutary dread of the great judge, which it was of great importance to keep alive: every thing therefore, was made a leffon of inftruction; the decline of the day, and the fetting of the Sun, were made to revive the ideas of the ancient darkhefs, the deftruction of the old world, and the end of the prefent. The rifing of the morning was made a fymbol of the paft and future renovation, as well as of the appearance of the great judge in favour of the juft. For this reafon, all the ancient folemnities begun with forrow, and ended with joy; they began at fun-fet, and ended at the fun-fet of the next day, and this gave rife to the F ancient and almoft univerfal cuftom of computing time by nights, and not by days. This is alfo the caufe why the Pagan Idolators ran to confult the morning or rifing Sun, and why it has been an almott univerfal practice to have the doors of Temples turned towards the Eaft, imagining that "the great judge, like the Sun, will appear from that point of the heavens: The end and commencement of aftronomical periods, became the fubjects of fimilar leffons from the fame caufe; the four changes of the Moon in each month,& the varieties of the four feafons of the year, were images of the infta Bility of the univerfe, too ftriking not (Gent. Mag. Auguft: 1762.) 353 to be regarded as inftructive fymbols. All people had then four times of folemnity in a month, and four others of yet greater folemnity in the year; during which, occafion was taken from the lunar and folar mutations, to intimate to the multitudes affembled on the occafion, that all had changed, and that all would one day change again; the times of folemnity that referred to the renovation of aftronomical periods, were times of joy, thofe which refpected their decline were devoted to mourning and penitence. As the lunar month confifts nearly of 28 days, it is eafy to conceive, that the lunar holidays were for that reafon fixed at the distance of feven days from each other, and thefe ancient folemnities regulated by the lunar number; this is alfo, probably, the reafon why almoft all nations have had a kind of fuperftitious regard to the number feven. The cuftom of worshiping in high places, feems alfo to have arifen from the gratitude with which thofe who furvived the ruins of the world, naturally remembered the afylums in which they had been preferved. Among these remains of mankind, there was probably no authority, but that of fathers, who gathered together their children, nor any law but reafon; and the wants of fociety being in fuch circumftances the fame with the wants of individuals, they could neither be mistaken nor neglected. The feveral political governments which have fince been eftablished muft therefore be fought among the more numerous focieties of after times, which required to be held together by. ftronger bands. It was natural that thofe excellent regulations which reafon and neceffity had dictated first fimple state of mankind after the general defolation of the earth, fhould be referred by common confent to the elders and chiefs of families, that they might be preferved and inforced; not G that they were confidered as kings and fovereign matters of thefe focieties; but their experience, their wisdom, their age, and the name of fathers, acquired for them a general and profound veneration and refpect: they were then chofen to be the minifters and fuperintendants of fociety, not independant arbiters of the fate of others. |