Evolution by gene duplication

acrocentrics active alleles amino acid amino acid sequence amphibians ancestor anticodon appears autosomes Barbus base pair base sequence Biol birds changes Chapter chromatids chromosome cistron codon complement contains dehydrogenase deletion diploid duplicated gene loci enzyme fish forbidden mutations function gene duplication gene product genetic genome size H-chains haploid heavy-chains hemoglobin heterozygote histidine histones Homo homologous homozygote homozygous horse immunoglobulin individual karyotype lungfish mammalian mechanism meiosis messenger RNA metacentric million years ago molecules mouse mutation rate natural selection nucleic acid nucleolar organizer occurred Ohno peptide chain placental mammals polymorphism polypeptide polypeptide chain polyploid primitive Proc process of speciation produced protein redundancy region regulatory gene reptiles ribosomal RNA Robertsonian fusions separate gene loci single gene locus specified Spring Harbor Symposia structural cistron structural genes subunits synthesis tandem duplication tetraploid tetraploid species tolerable mutations transfer RNA trypsinogen tyrosine unequal crossing-over unequal exchange wild-type