in use with us call'd White, Wheaten, and Household Bread."

are

"Allman ryvatts," according to Minsheu (1617),

"A certaine kinde of Armour, or Corslet for the body of a man, with the sleeues or braces of maile, or plates of iron, for the defense of the armes, so called because they be riuetted, or buckled after the old Alman fashion. For River in French is to riuet or clench, as the turning back the point of a naile, or such like; and Alman is a German, or High Dutchman."

Cf. also Halliwell's Dictionary and Cowel's Interpreter of Law Terms.

Cardiff.

F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY.

"GOMBEEN" (6th S. v. 187).—If not actually an Irish word, it is only too well known in Ireland. A chapter is devoted to "The Gombeen Man" in "Terence M'Grath's" (Mr. Henry A. Blake) Pictures from Ireland. "The derivation of the word," we there read, "is obscure......Gombeen means a money-lender." JAMES BRITTEN. Isleworth.

FUNERAL ARMOUR IN CHURCHES (5th S. ix. 429; x. 11, 73, 129, 152, 199, 276, 317; xi. 73, 178, 252, 375, 457; xii. 155; 6th S. i. 446; ii. 218, 477; iv. 38, 256, 314; v. 58, 177).-In Erwarton Church, near Ipswich, are still remaining two old helmets and the greater part of a third. The last is of heavier make than the others, and had probably been worn. With them are also portions of a gauntlet. These remains are now laid on a projecting ledge in the south aisle of the church. The church contains some interesting tombs of the times of the Edwards, but the

helmets are of much later date. Ipswich.

H. W. BIRCH.

above. No doubt, in the first reference, "Hen. Halliwell, Sussex, 1o Mar. 1666," was instituted on the date of the year as we at present calculate it from January 1, whereas the parish registrar calculated on the old or ecclesiastical system from March 25; thus Henry Halliwell was probably instituted to the living of Ifield on March 1, 1666, and buried there on February 14, 1667. D. G. C. E.

ST. LUKE XXIII. 15 (6th S. iv. 465, 498; v. 35, 137).—I thought that the passage quoted from Acts xvi. 28 would hardly prove my friend MR. HOBSON'S case, because in all Greek lexicons verbs of action as governing datives, such as páσow, Toew, are conspicuous by their absence. There must be some other rule applying in such cases, and such datives are no doubt datives commodi aut incommodi. In fact, these verbs govern a double accusative, and it would be a grammatical confusion in good Greek to have Tоιεîν or πρаттεîν σεαυτῷ κακον instead of σεαυτὸν. Far worse still would it be in the perfect passive. For there would arise the following ambiguity: kakov πράγμα πέπρακται μοι, "I have committed an evil action," might be rendered "an evil action has been done to me." This would hardly have suited a correct Greek ear. Being in communication with one of our great Greek lexicographers, he favoured me with his opinion as follows:-"I think that there is no doubt but that a classical Greek writer would have preferred TOLEîv σEAUTÒv κακόν to σεαυτῷ. But the use of σεαυτῷ may be explained grammatically, I think, as coming somewhat roughly under the rule of dativus commodi aut incommodi' of our school grammars. As to Luke xxiii. 15, it does not seem to me that there can be a doubt of the translation 'done by him.” What is the meaning of 'nothing worthy of death done to him'? I can see none. The use of this case and of após or eis Tiva seems to be quite promiscuous in the New Testament......In modern Greek the dative almost, if not altogether, disappears, the prepositions taking the place of the inflections." My first query was, how, in the first instance, i.e., in the very earliest translations, the to ever got there. H. F. WOOLRYCH. Oare.

"BUSSOCK" (6th S. v. 86, 117, 154).-Allow me to corroborate MR. WATERTON as to the use of this word, and also to satisfy PROF. SKEAT that it is in general use amongst the agricultural labourers of Essex. I should add, however, that its use is almost confined to agriculturalists. I have heard farmers address their men with, "Don't lie bussocking there!" if the dinner hour has been exceeded. Undoubtedly the word is a corruption of basking; but its original meaning in this county appears to have been lost at least for the last half century, and, as at present used, it means ease and

idleness. In Essex the word is pronounced bussick oftener than bussock. I may add one or two other words which, I think, probably are peculiar to Essex. Bont, an old man; but, as there rarely happens to be more than one bont on a farm of the same name, if the bont has a son, one is spoken of as th' owd bont," and the other as "th' young bont." Stag, to look ; as Stag him"; Stag 66 goes "; Did you stag all the time?" &c. "Stush it," stop it, give over, cease, &c.; as, "Stush that row," addressed by a father to his children. J. W. SAVILL, F.R.H.S.

where it

Dunmow, Essex.

THE "CATHOLICON ANGLICUM" (6th S. v. 24, 74, 154). For the use of wolfe a sore or ulcer, cf. "All ulcers whatsoever, bee they woolves, cankerous sores, or otherwise corrosive and eating forward still: yea the very illfavoured Polype and Noli-me-tangere in the nostthrils, the juice of this root dooth cure and heale wonderfully."-Plin., Nat. Hist. (Holland), 1601, ii. ff, 200-1.

"Housleeke cureth shingles, ringwormes, and such like wildfires, yea if they grow to be Wolves, and begin to putrifie."-Ibid., f. 265.

Cardiff.

F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY.

"inkhorn of Robert Ker," but I have a couple of his fanatical works produced therefrom (see " N. & Q.," 2nd S. viii. 145). If the subject is continued, I beg to contribute the following appropriate extract from that social and religious reformer's Glass, wherein Nobles, Priests, and People may see the Lord's Controversies against Britain:—

"The true Signification of the Name Ker, as it is derived from it proper Fountain in the Hebrew. It is derived from that Place called Cherith, in the Hebrew called Kereth, which is a Noun Feminine, from the Root Kora, which signifies In Call, he digged, he pierced throw; also he made a Feast, he bought, he purchased. 2. He was digged upon; in the Caldaick Tongue it signifies he 7, 15: Ker signifies a Lamb, in the Plural Numbers was pierced through, he was grieved in Spirit. Daniel Lambs, Isa. 54. 6. a Pasture to feed Lambs in, Isa. 30, 23. Also Furniture for Beasts. Gen. 31, 34. in the Plural it signifies Rams, Pastures; also Captains of Armies, Ezek. 4. 2. And battering Iron Rams, made to batter down Walls and Fortifications. Karath signifies he cut assunder, or he cut off, and being joined with the Noun Berith a Covenant, is, he made a Covenant, as Deut. 5, 5. Because in the making of Covenants, they used the Cutting of Beasts, Gen. 15, 10, 17. Kerituth signifies a Devorcement, the Cutting assunder of Marriage, as it were. Isaiah 50, 1."

J. O.

Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge.

NUMISMATIC: JAMES II.: GUN MONEY (6th S. iv. 348, 475; v. 118).-MR. W. STAVENHAGEN JONES'S query as to the date upon his half-crown, February, 1689, has been explained by the note appended to it by the Editor, but he still appears to be somewhat confused as to the then current mode of reckoning. James's "gun-money" coins were dated from the civil year, which commenced on March 25; consequently the date upon my half-crown, August, 1690, and that upon his shilling, September, 1690, do not mean, as he supposes, 1689/90, but 1690/91. In the Numismatic Chronicle, new series, vol. x., 1870, is an exhaustive paper, by Dr. A. Smith, descriptive of every known variety of James's "gun money," or, as he

well designates it, money of necessity," which affords much information respecting this interesting coinage. THOMAS BIrd.

EBORACUM (6th S. v. 69, 131).-Ebora is Evora, a fortified town in Portugal, with an ecclesiastical seminary and a college. B and v are, of course, convertible. It had a printing press at a comparatively early date, and I came recently upon a book printed at Ebora in the sixteenth century, cum typis academicis." The suggestion of White and Riddle, mentioned by MR. TEw, that Ebora is " now perhaps Ixar" (6th S. v. 132), strikes me as singular. JOSEPH KNIGHT.

[Other papers next week.]

"Verse sweetens toil," &c.

NOTES ON BOOKS, &c. The Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage of the British Empire. By Joseph Foster. Third Edition. (Nichols & Sons.)

MR. FOSTER'S Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage has now reached a third annual edition, and, to judge from the account which its author is enabled to give of the sale of the two earlier impressions, there seems to be no doubt that it is entitled to be regarded as a conspicuous and, it may be anticipated, a permanent success. Independently of its more solid claims to public esteem, anybody who takes up and turns over the pages of the work may easily discover why it has commanded and is likely to retain a wide popularity. Besides being excellently printed and admirably (although occasionally, perhaps, a little grotesquely) illustrated, it professes to give "the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth," whether pleasant or unpleasant, about the various families with whose history it deals; and it includes the names of a vast number of persons more or less remotely descended from or related to peers and baronets, who find themselves unnoticed in all other compilations of a similar kind. The interest of genealogical investiga. tion is certainly not restricted within the narrow bounds prescribed by the limitations of a patent, and no pedigree is of much value, save for the purpose of special and immediate reference, which does not embrace the collateral branches as well as the main stem of a family tree. It is still more obvious that historical accuracy should be made the principal aim, and should be looked upon as the chief recommendation of all genealogical works with any pretensions to lasting consideration. And whatever may be

the value of what Mr. Foster has himself accomplished, he at least deserves the credit of having introduced a better, because a more careful and truthful, spirit into the compilation of such works in our own day, and has at any rate rendered it necessary for his rivals, if they follow his example in many respects wherein his method would successfully compete with him for the future, to most materially differs from that which they have hitherto pursued. The time, in fact, has passed when genealogical writers could afford to " dip their pens in nothing but the milk of human kindness," and endow everybody they happened to take under their patronage with ancestors of precisely the pattern they desired. Mr. Foster has excluded all manifestly fabulous genealogies from his work, and the genealogies which he gives appear to us to be on the whole as trustworthy and complete as could well be expected. Ordinarily they commence with the grantees of the this is the case it is clear that there is very little room for invention or mistake. The Duke of Northumberland's pedigree, for example, begins, not with "William de Percy" in the eleventh, or Josceline of Louvain" in the twelfth century, but with Sir Hugh Smithson of Stanwick, created a baronet in 1660, whose great-greatgrandson was Sir Hugh Smithson, fourth baronet, created Duke of Northumberland in 1766. Yet, although the male descent of the Duke of Northumberland is from the Smithsons, he is undoubtedly the heir general' of the great house of Percy, and as such the possessor of their ancestral domains. Thus there would have been no impropriety, we should imagine, in setting forth his grace's more illustrious as well as his less distinguished descent. Here Mr. Foster would have done wisely to imitate Sir Bernard Burke, for no work on the genealogy of the peerage can be regarded as complete which omits so illustrious and historic a line as that of the Percies, Earls of Northumberland, while their titles, although under a new creation, are held by their descendants, the inheritors alike of their blood and their estates. Very different is the case, for example, of the Earl of Lytton. Mr. Foster rightly enough commences his pedigree with William Wiggett, of Wood Dalling and Guestwick, who assumed his mother's name and arms of Bulwer by Act of Parliament in 1756. It is probable that the Bulwers were better bred than the Wiggetts, but there

no reason that we are aware of why their genealogy should be preserved, like that of the Percies, on general grounds. From the old family of Lytton of Lytton and Knebworth, the Earl of Lytton is destitute of any descent whatever, and the shape which is given to his pedigree by Sir Bernard Burke falls little short of a hoax. It begins with "Sir Robert de Lytton of Lytton, in the county of Derby, Comptroller of the Household to King Henry IV.," and passes in the course of several generations to "Sir Rowland Lytton of Knebworth, one of the representatives of Herts in the healing Parliament of Charles II." Sir Rowland Lytton's daughter Judith married as her second husband Sir Nicholas Strode, by whom she was the mother of Sir George Strode, who married Margaret, daughter of John Robinson, by whom he had a son, Lytton Strode. Lytton Strode succeeded his great-uncle, Sir William Lytton, son of Sir Rowland Lytton, in the possession of Knebworth, and assumed the name of Lytton, but dying without issue in 1710 he "devised the estates to his first cousin (ex parte materna)," namely William Robinson, who had not a drop of Lytton blood in his veins. His daughter and heiress married William Warburton, and their granddaughter and heiress married William Earle Bulwer, and by him was the grandmother of the Earl of Lytton. In avoiding anything like this

Mr. Foster certainly does well. But we fear that even he is sometimes too lenient in his treatment of legendary or traditional descents. We notice, for instance, that he introduces the lineage of the Duke of Manchester in the following words: "Sir Edward Montagu, of Boughton, Northants by purchase (son of Thomas Montagu, gent. of Hemington, Northants, bur. there 1517, believed to be descended from Simon de Montagu, a younger brother of John, Baron Montagu and Monthermer and Earl of Salisbury, who died 1400)." Now, unless Mr. Foster has some fresh evidence at his command, he must know that this derivation is extremely doubtful, to say the least of it, and that so far from being "believed," in the accepted sense of the term, it has been " questioned " in no measured terms by some of our best authorities. Speaking of the father of Sir Edward Montagu, Sir Egerton Brydges (Brydges-Collins, vol. ii. p. 42) says: "Collins and others have deduced the above Thomas Montagu from Simon Montagu, who is stated to have been younger brother to John, third Earl of Salisbury, and uncle to Thomas, the fourth and last Earl of Salis bury of that name, who died November 3, 1428. This Simon is asserted to have had issue, by Elizabeth Boughton, Thomas Montagu, who is said to have left, by Christian Basset, John Montagu, whose wife was Alice Holcot, and their son William, marrying Margaret Bouling, was father of Richard Montagu of Hemington, in Northamptonshire, who by Agnes Snelling was father of the above Thomas, who died in 1517. Unfortunately," Sir Egerton Brydges adds, "there is no proof of the existence of this Simon nor of any of the intermediate generations. But the late Mr. Thorpe (and it seems Mr. Anstis concurred in this opinion) suspected this family to be descended from James Montagu, a natural son of Thomas, the last Earl of Salisbury."

There are, of course, numerous other points in Mr. Foster's work which we should have liked to notice if the necessary space had been at our command. But it is impossible to criticize within the limits imposed on us a compilation of such magnitude and such various contents with anything like minuteness of detail. When we say that it is at once the most comprehensive and trustworthy production of the kind with which we are acquainted, we are giving it no slight praise. But we are not to be understood by this to affirm that it is either free from error or unsusceptible of considerable improvement. We observe among several statements which we think are mistakes that Mr. Foster describes the Earl of Berkeley as also Earl of Ormond. He does 80 on the ground that Sir Thomas Berkeley, the eldest son of Henry, twelfth Baron Berkeley, married "Elizabeth, dau. and heir of George Cary, Lord Hunsdon, and eventual heir of Thomas Bullen, Earl of Wiltshire, and Earl of Ormond, in Ireland (an honour limited to the heirs general of the grantee)" of which marriage no doubt the Earl of Berkeley is the lineal descendant and heir. It is indisputable, too, that the limitation of the earldom of Ormond granted to Sir Thomas Bullen was to heirs general; that his co-heirs were Queen Anne Bullen, whose heiress was Queen Elizabeth, and Mary Bullen, who married William Cary, and was mother of Henry Lord Hunsdon, of whose son, George Lord Hunsdon, Elizabeth Lady Berkeley was the heiress. Under ordinary circumstances, consequently, the abeyance of the earldom would have terminated on the death of Queen Elizabeth; but according to Mr. Lynch (View of the Legal Institutions, Honorary Hereditary Offices, and Feudal Baronies established in Ireland during the Reign of Henry II., p.87), by "a Statute in the 28th year of his (Henry VIII.'s) reign, all the rights of the co-heirs of Thomas, Earl of Ormond, in Ireland, were resumed and revested in the

"

Crown for ever." If this is correct, the earldom of Ormond, assigned by Mr. Foster to the Earl of Berkeley, does not exist.

LOVERS of choice books, and such books beautifully bound, will have a rare opportunity of enriching their collections from the choice and curious library of the late Mr. F. Ouvry, V.P.S.A., which will be sold by Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge on March 30 and the five following days. Such a collection, in respect to the rarity of the works to be found in it and the beauty of their condition, is seldom seen; and many who are not professedly book collectors, but who had the advantage of numbering Frederic Ouvry among their personal friends, may be glad to avail themselves of the opportunity thus afforded them of securing some memorial of that kind-hearted, liberal man, and universal favourite.

OUR old friend, the Rev. H. T. Ellacombe, has just published A Detailed Account of the Bells in all the Old Parish Churches of Gloucestershire, their Founders, Intions. It was read as a paper on October 4, 1877, for scriptions, &c., with more than one hundred illustra the Exeter Diocesan Architectural Society, and it is now There is added a budget of waifs and strays, relating to embodied in the fourth volume of their transactions, bell matters, of general interest. The volume can only be obtained on application to the author, Rectory, Clyst St. George, Exeter.

MR. HENRY GRAY, of Manchester, has issued an interesting catalogue of books relating to the six northern counties. We observe, inter alia, two editions of the Antiquities of Furness, the first edition of Gregson's Portfolio, and a complete set of the Chetham Society's publications, besides poll books and other interesting matter.

MR. E. H. W. DUNKIN, author of the Church Bells of Cornwall, has in the press The Monumental Brasses of Cornwall. The work will be issued in royal quarto, by subscription, at 17. 5s. Subscribers' names will be received by the author, Kenwyn House, Kidbrooke Park, Blackheath.

THE Fifth International Literary Congress will be held, by agreement with the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce for the kingdom of Italy, in Rome, May 20-27.

Notices to Correspondents. W. F.-Many thanks. introduction to the letters. CANTAB.-The list and short account will be welcomed. With them please send name and address.

Please give a few lines of

GRAMPIANS.-We are not aware that any such translations exist.

H. M. T.-For Edmund Gibson, Bishop of London, see ante, p. 116.

K. P. D. E.-A correspondent suggests the following corrigendum: ante, p. 187, col. 2, 1. 10 from bottom, for "pt. i. p. 93" read "pt. i. p. 92"; "this is so in my edit., 1648."

NOTICE.

Editorial Communications should be addressed to "The Editor of Notes and Queries ""-Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher"-at the Office, 20, Wellington Street, Strand, London, W.C.

We beg leave to state that we decline to return communications which, for any reason, we do not print; and to this rule we can make no exception.

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WORKS

OF

WILLIAM J. THOMS, F.S.A.

Now ready, post 8vo. 10s. 6d.

The LONGEVITY of MAN: its Facts and its Fictions. With a Prefatory Letter to Prof. Owen, C.B., "On Exceptional Longevity: its Limits and Frequency." "Mr. Thoms was admirably qualified to perform the task which he has undertaken, and he has performed it with signal success..... No one but Sir George C. Lewis could have undertaken such a work with such advantages, and even he could not have produced a more practical and intelligent book." Law Magazine and Review, July, 1873. "Mr. Thoms has issued anew his interesting treatise on 'Human Longevity.' The value of the book is enhanced by the addition of an excellent letter, full of humour and shrewdness, and addressed to Prof Owen."-Athenæum.

May be had separately, price 1s. post free, EXCEPTIONAL LONGEVITY: its Limits and Frequency. Considered in a Letter to Prof. Owen, C.B.

Price 18. post 8vo. (post free),

The DEATH WARRANT of CHARLES the FIRST. (Another Historic Doubt.)

"Mr. Thoms cites many more facts to show that the warrant was only partially signed on the 29th, and that many of the signatures were obtained by hook and by crook during the two preceding days, and the obvious inference is that the death warrant of Charles I. was a document in every way irregular." Daily Telegraph.

Price 3s. 6d. cloth boards,

HANNAH LIGHTFOOT; QUEEN CHARLOTTE and the CHEVALIER D'EON; DR. WILMOT'S POLISH PRINCESS.

"These antiquated scandals are here blown to the winds by irresistible evidence."-Inverness Courier.

"Mr. Thoms has in fifty pages-readable and well worth reading-corrected the credulities of a century's gossip, and contributed some very important historical facts."