G PRONUNCIATION OF "FORBES" (6th S. v. 269, Conservative Club, S.W. "NAVVY "=NAVIGATOR (1st S. xi. 424; 4th S. v. 554; vi. 182, 264, 312, 425; 6th S. v. 397). -I am old enough to remember when the men employed in the construction or repairs of navigable canals were called navigators, as were also men who cut water-courses for irrigating meadows. The word was abbreviated to navvy, and given to those who worked on railways or elsewhere with wheelbarrow, pickaxe, and shovel. effort of the sculptor would be, of couse, to avoid F. G. STEPHENS. "MOLA ROSARUM": WHAT PLACE IS MEANT? (6th S. v. 307.)-Probably some small place named Rosenmühle. I have not, however, come across any such name, although I know the country There is a round about Göttingen very well. place named Rosenmüller's Höhle near Muggendorf in Franconian Switzerland. R. S. CHARNOCK. "MANURIAL 22 (6th S. v. 266).—This word is given in Webster's Dictionary, with the quotation, "The manurial value" (Š. W. Johnson). I agree with your correspondents that the word is not wanted, but "fertilizing," would hardly do in its place. It would be much better to say, value of guano as a manure, or as a fertilizer." To the making of words there is no end! "the H. T. ELLACOMBE, M.A. CASTS OF THE FACES OF HISTORICAL PERSONAGES (6th S. v. 385). It is difficult to guess at what CALCUTTENSIS imagines Mr. Woolner meant when, if he did so, the latter said that "the bust over Shakespeare's tomb was taken by a rude and ignorant, but conscientious, sculptor from a cast Cardiff. after death." That the bust does not " appear to bear any of the characteristic marks of death" did ST. AUGUSTINE AND DESCARTES (6th S. v. not need profound observation to decide. The 268). The expression, 66 Cogito, ergo sum," of F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY. Descartes, in his admirable Discours de la Méthode hence doubtless the saying, "the moon the parish pour bien conduire sa Raison, is borrowed from lantern." Cicero (Tusc. Quæst., v. xxxviii), "Loquor......de docto homine, et erudito, cui vivere est cogitare," &c. WILLIAM PLATT. Callis Court, St. Peter's, Isle of Thanet. ARE TOADS POISONOUS? (6th S. iv. 429; v. 32, 173, 297, 375).-The story respecting a toad whose venom poisons a plant, and thereby causes the death of persons frequenting the garden where the plant grows, is as old as Boccaccio; see Decameron, Fourth Day, Novel VII. J. B. D. "WARA" (6th S. v. 287).-Wara occurs in Ducange; but having only Migne's abridgement, I can give but a short account of the word: "Wara Modus agri apud Anglos; mesure agraire. Spicorum manipulas; gerbe (A. 1509). Bonitas, Valor; bonté (en parlant des monnaies). Libera Wara: 'Reditus talis conditionis quod, si non solvatur suo tempore, duplicatur in crastino, et sic deinceps in die' (Ch. Angl.).' ED. MARSHALL. According to Cowel's Law Dictionary this word was used to signify "a certain quantity or measure of ground." It is made use of twice in a charter to the priory of Stone, in Staffordshire, which is given in Dugdale's Monasticon Anglicanum (1661), vol. ii. pp. 127, 128. G. F. R. B. THE MOON THE PARISH LANTERN" (6th S. v. 288). From personal recollections of now more than half a century, when gas was a costly novelty, and oil lamps, chandlers' dips, and lanterns were the indispensable artificial lighting means when any at all were adopted-the old night-watchman or "Charlie" invariably being unequipped without his "lantern" in the then unillumined town and country streets and roads-there can be little doubt the above figure of speech, as I heard it repeatedly, "familiar as household words," in Staffordshire and other counties, was common and apt in allusion to those nights when wayfarers welcomed the more diffusive and effective light of the moon, in its most favourable phases, as compared with those when by villagers, urbans and suburbans, the friendly lantern was the adopted companion of the route. On Sunday nights, too, when man or maid servant and other worshippers would carry a cum brous doublecandled or better-glazed lantern to light the paths along a miry road to a Wesleyan chapel or the parish church, it used to be a wayside topic that, as the moon would on such-and-such nights show up, they could dispense with James's or Betty's chandlery, as they would then have "the parish lantern." In those parochial-minded times there was more working by diurnal natural light, rising with the sun and retiring to rest with the shades of evening, the moon and the lantern being the alternative nocturnal luminaries; A. G. T. I have often heard it used by natives in North This expression is not peculiar to Berkshire, as Yorkshire. Wright, in his Provincial Glossary, speaks of the expression as being "a popular name for the moon," so it probably will be found in use in various parts of England. F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY. This expresion was familiar to me in South-east Cornwall upwards of fifty years ago; it is well known in South-west Devonshire, and also in resided there during the first thirty years of her Worcestershire, as I am informed by a lady who life. WM. PENGELLY. This was a very common expression in the midland counties sixty and more years ago; and has been in frequent use by myself up to this time. AUTHORS OF BOOKS WANTED (6th S. v. 388):The March to Moscow, of which the first two lines are:- "The Emperor Nap he would set off On a summer excursion to Moscow," is by Robert Southey, and may be found in the onevolume edition of his Poetical Works, published in 1853, p. 464. EDWARD PEACOCK. AUTHORS OF QUOTATIONS WANTED (6th S. v. 248, 279, 319).Thinking that these lines had the ring of Bunyan, I "Go, little book," &c. sought and found their germ in his charge to the second part of the Pilgrim: "Go now, my little book, to every place Where my first Pilgrim has but shewn his face, It is true this version does not agree with that of your querist, but as Southey edited an edition of Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, and, of course, imbibed some of the Dreamer's phraseology, the words of the older rhymer may have occurred to him when, in like manner, the Laureate was affixing "L'Envoy" to his Lay. Byron spitefully reproduced them in Don Juan, with a comment of four lines in depreciation of Southey and Wordsworth. J. O. (6th S. v. 369.) "Two gifts perforce He has given us yet." The lines A. F. P. quotes, almost correctly, are from Mr. Swinburne's "Felise" (Poems and Ballads, p. 228). Miscellaneous. NOTES ON BOOKS, &c. J. K. A Critical Inquiry into the Scottish Language. With the View of illustrating the Rise and Progress of Civilintion in Scotland. By F. Michel, F.S.A., Correspondant de l'Institut de France. (Blackwood & Sons.) THE object of this book, as explained in the preface, is to illustrate the close political and social ties that in former times bound Scotland to France. The result of that close connexion is shown in a variety of ways. The author asks us to consider, in various chapters, the The main interest of the book is philological; but many more. that the sense of "serpent" is foreign to the A.-S. wurm! The Reign of William Rufus and the Accession of Henry I. IN, these two stout volumes Mr. Freeman brings to a mediate in 1095 between William Rufus and his elder brother Robert of Normandy; and the careful working out of the career of Ranulf Flambard. An excellent example of Mr. Freeman's thorough way of working out an historical point is to be found in the long versions of the death of Rufus, the conclusion reached excursus in the Appendix, which deals with the different being that the statement of the English Chronicle is most to be trusted, according to which the king ". in hunting from his own men by an arrow off shot." was: That French has had a great effect upon the language of the Scottish lowlands will not be contested; but we must not forget how largely English has been affected by the same influence. In his zeal the author has, in numerous instances, claimed words as Scottish which are by no means to be considered as belonging exclusively to that form of language. Yet again, words are claimed as being French which can only be so claimed by falsifying the etymology. We shall give a few instances to illustrate both these points, in order that the reader may not be too easily misled. The following so-called "Scottish " words are undeniably, at the same time, English, viz., mitten, brooch, coin, courser (a horse), rein, rowel (of a spur), varlet, palsy, soldier, basnet, muster, pellet, powder, judge, and a great There is not any objection to the enumeration of such words as being of French origin, but we ought to find somewhere a word of warning (which we The numerous campaigns which are described in these do not observe, but may have overlooked), to the effect that Scottish possesses these words in common with Eng South England, Wales, or Scotland, illustrate one of the pages, whether in Normandy, Maine, France, Cumbria, lish, not as distinct from English. The words mentioned above are all retained in common modern English; and most remarkable features of Mr. Freeman's historical genius-the extraordinary skill and instinct with which we can add to them a large number of "Scottish" words which are perfectly familiar to readers of our old the author uses local writers and authorities, buildings, literature. Such are: a pane (of fur or cloth); coffer, ruins, and natural features, to fill out the scanty narraa box; perree, jewellery, and mouton, a coin of gold, leads him to speak of many districts, churches, castles, tives of the primary contemporary writers. both of which occur in Piers Plowman; mesondieu, a hospital (lit. house of God), also in the same; somer, & sight and learning with local knowledge and a trained &c.; and in each case the happy union of historical insumpter horse, runsy, a kind of horse, acton, a piece of architectural eye makes him appear as a specialist, and armour, bracer, a defence for the arm, jeperty, jeopardy, all in Chaucer; budge, a fur, in Milton; urchin, a hedge-in purely local matters, but grasps unerringly their a specialist of that rare kind who does not lose himself hog, brach, a bitch, cuisses, armour for the thighs, importance for general history. chirurgeon, a surgeon, brawl, a dance, all in Shakspeare; and, indeed, this list might be very largely extended. It is quite true that the Scottish forms of these borrowed words often differ from the English ones; but the difference is simply this, that the English form is commonly much older. However, after all deductions, there are some very remarkable words left which are strange enough to English ears, such as tassie, a cup; ashet, a plate; sybow, a young onion; and jigot, a leg of mutton. We have also noticed some words which are not of French origin. Such are rail, a woman's jacket, once quite common in England (see Nares), which is merely the A.-S. hragl; kersey, which, though it found its way into foreign languages, has its name from a town in Suffolk; fey, fated to die, which is notoriously of Norse origin; beck, a river, and busk, a bush, of which the same account may be given; whilst the Middle English word worme (not peculiarly Scottish) is claimed as French for the singular reason that it was used in the sense of rpent, serpent being French. Are we to believe His task In the preface Mr. Freeman hints that he is inclined to complete his work on the Normans in Normandy and England by a companion work on the Normans in Sicily. We only trust that health and strength may be granted not yet been undertaken by any one combining the same him to carry out this most fascinating task, which has special qualifications as the historian of the Norman Conquest of England. We learn also that we may expect a third version of the latter event in a form intermediate between seven thick volumes and the small half-crown Short History of the Norman Conquest. John Leech, and other Papers. By John Brown, M.D. (Edinburgh, Douglas.) DR. BROWN has achieved a wide-spread popularity as an essayist, and few literary reputations seem to us to have been more fully deserved. His new volume of collected essays is charming, not only from the rare combination of gifts which he displays, but also from the variety of subjects at which he glances. He touches many sides of human nature, and on all he brings to bear the same tenderness of sympathy, the same geniality of humour, and a series of letters from Lord Lisle, the governor of the same large-hearted appreciation. With the exception Calais, of singular interest both domestic and political. of two essays on Leech and Thackeray, which no admirer Journal of the Derbyshire Archaeological and Natural of the caricaturist or the novelist can afford to neglect, his studies are of Scotch character and life. Round History Society. Vol. IV., 1882. (Bemrose & Sons.) Miss Stirling Grahame of Duntrune are clustered vivid THE fourth volume contains many interesting papers pictures of Edinburgh society more than half a century contributed by the members of this society. There are ago; in John Gunn we have a portrait of a faithful no less than four contributions from the pen of Mr. J C. retainer of the house of Stoneywood who was out both in Cox, the most important of which are the "Sacrist's Roll the '15 and the '45. Yet the most pleasing sketch of all is of Lichfield Cathedral, A.D. 1345," and "Place and that on Marjorie Fleming, the darling of Walter Scott, It is to be hoped that Mr. Cox will soon be able to find Field Names in Derbyshire which indicate the Fauna." whose childish diary is as attractive in its fresh quaintness time, in spite of his numerous avocations, to complete as any book she could have written had she lived to grow his projected work on the latter subject, which is one of to maturer years. The style in which these essays are written is peculiar. It is always effective, though somemuch interest to many of the readers of "N. & Q." The times slovenly, and grammar is occasionally sacrificed to paper entitled "Notes on the Demolition of the Chancel picturesqueness. It is always easy, simple, and natural; of Hope Church," and contributed by the honorary it is the rough working dress of the author himself, and secretary, should be read by all who take an interest in not a mere Sunday suit adopted for display, which hides the protection of our churches and other ancient buildthe strong personality of the author. The autobio-ings from the ravaging hand of the so-called "restorer." graphical nature of his writings has now a sad interest Though the Society failed to defeat all the intentions of of its own, for his essays reflect in a faithful mirror the these "restorers," yet it did much good work by its character of a man who has now passed away. The protest against such vandalism, and also by putting on literary work of the warm-hearted, sympathetic, and record a full and detailed account of the old chancel of genial author of Rab and his Friends was of so personal Hope Church for the benefit of those who come after. a kind that numbers of persons who had never seen him We heartily wish that the efforts of the Society may be felt that they had known him well. To his friends, and crowned with success, should it ever be called upon they were many, his loss will be irreparable. again to protest against the destruction of any of the many interesting and valuable old buildings which the county still possesses. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII. Arranged and Catalogued by James Gairdner for the Master of the Rolls. Vol. VI. (Longmans & Co.) THIS volume fully justifies the expectations expressed in our notice of vol. v., that Mr. Gairdner was singu: larly qualified to continue and complete the work left unfinished by the lamented Mr. Brewer. The letters and papers calendared in this volume comprise all that is recorded of the year 1533, which was marked by the marriage and coronation of Anne Boleyne and the birth of Queen Elizabeth on Sept. 7. The marriage with Anne Boleyne was declared to the public on Easter eve, although the king's previous marriage with Catherine was not pronounced invalid until May 28, but it is by no means certain when the ceremony took place by which Anne Boleyne became the king's wife. Cranmer states that the date was about the day of the conversion of St. Paul (Jan. 25); but he contradicts the current report that he had performed the ceremony, saying, "I myself knew not thereof a fortnight after it was done." It was afterwards thought more decent to antedate the marriage, and Hall expressly says in his Chronicle that it was celebrated on St. Erkenwald's Day (Nov. 14), just after the king's return from Calais in 1532. If this be true it must have taken place at Dover the day after he landed. The birth of a daughter was a great disappointment to the king, who had hoped for a boy; but it is remarkable that the birth seemed of so little consequence to the French ambassador that he would scarcely have written to announce it but for the unexpected opportunity of a courier. The marriage with Anne Boleyne separated Henry from Francis of France, who had hitherto been his staunch ally; and the Pope's sentence of excommunication was parried by the declaration in Council in December that the Pope had not by the law of God any more authority within the realm than any other foreign bishop, and that he was thenceforth to be recognized officially only as Bishop of Rome. Amongst the other more remarkable contents of this volume are Cranmer's examination of Elizabeth Barton, the nun of Kent, whose rhapsodies and trances had a strange influence with the multitude and excited the vindictive anger of the king, IT is only necessary to say that May's British and Irish Press Guide, 1882, fully maintains its credit for general usefulness. tions connected with the Domesday Survey of Colchester, MR. J. H. ROUND has investigated the various quesand has thrown the results of his inquiry into an article, the first part of which will appear in the June number of the Antiquary. Mr. J. F. Fuller, F.S.A., will contribute to the next number of Mr. Walford's Antiquarian Magazine a paper on a "Pretender of the Stuart Era," which will throw some light on English and Irish history. Notices to Correspondents. We must call special attention to the following notice: ON all communications should be written the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. H. A. R. ("Shakespeare Folios").-There are probably as many copies of the second folio (1632) as of all the other three folio editions put together. The fourth folio is nearly as plentiful; next comes the first, and then the third folio, which last, in fine condition, is probably the scarcest of all four. R. H. (Upton Rectory).-Your request shall be attended to; we wish all our correspondents would be as painstaking in making quotations. W. HEINEMANN ("O Gemini !"). See a note in "N. & Q.," 4th S. vii. 441. W. C. M. ("As artful as Garrick ").-See "N. & Q.," 6th S. iv. 540. NOTICE. Editorial Communications should be addressed to "The Editor of Notes and Queries ""-Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher"-at the Office, 20, Wellington Street, Strand, London, W.C. 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