as glad as myself to receive a full and accurate answer to this inquiry. J. G. M. P.S.-While on the subject of caricatures, may I ask when we may hope to see another volume of Mr. F. G. Stephens's most valuable Catalogue of Satirical Prints in the British Museum, which, thanks to his notes and comments on the prints catalogued, throws so much light both on our social and political history? AUTHORS OF QUOTATIONS WANTED. "Deus incubat angui.” J. W. O. "It is the fair acceptance, sir, Creates the entertainment perfect, not the cates." S. M. P. "Though to-day is dark and dreary, And black clouds around us rise, Let us halt not nor be weary; Light is looming in the skies." Who was the author, and what is the precise meaning of this expression ?-" To read between the lines." WILLIAM PLATT. "O Christ! that it were possible For one short hour to see The souls of those we loved, that they [The memory of him] "passed away as the remembrance of a guest that tarrieth but for a day." H. DELEVINGNE. Replies. THE MUSEUM READING ROOM. (6th S. v. 45.) M. Delessert's Mémoire, published in 1835, is conclusive evidence that the scheme of a library of circular form and with the divisions formed wholly of bookcases is, as ESTE says, "several years older than Mr. Panizzi's first plan of 1850." The difference between the two is, that in M. Delessert's plan the circular space (occupied in the Museum by the catalogues) immediately surrounding the superintendent's seat is devoted to the readers, while the radii, which in the Museum plan form the readers' desks, are composed of bookshelves ("galeries formées par des murs disposés en rayons divergens, et des deux côtés de ces murs seront placés des corps de bibliothèque "). The advantage of Mr. Panizzi's plan is obvious, giving so much more accommodation for readers; and the alteration would readily suggest itself to any one who had M. Delessert's plan before his eyes. So much, in fact, are the two alike in appearance, that on first unfolding the large plate in M. Delessert's book I mistook it for an almost exact plan of the Museum Reading Room, and only discovered the difference I have mentioned on a closer examination. I can readily believe that, as ESTE suggests, M. Delessert's Mémoire was unknown both to Mr. Fagan and to Mr. Smirke; but a far more im portant question affects the claim to originality of conception set up on behalf of Panizzi, Was it unknown to him? And this question is easily answered, for I have now before me Mr. Panizzi's own copy, presented to him by the author, and inscribed by him, "Monsieur Pannizi [sic] de la part de l'auteur," together with an autograph letter, as follows:"Paris, le 28 Janvier, 1836. "MONSIEUR,—J'ai l'honneur de vous adresser un exemplaire d'une Mémoire sur la Bibliothèque Royale; je désire que vous le lisiez avec quelq' intérêt, et je serais très flatté si vous aviez la complaisance de me faire savoir ce que vous pensez des avantages et des inconvéniences de la forme circulaire que l'on propose de donner à ce genre de bâtiment. "Veuillez agréer, Monsieur, l'assurance de ma considération la plus distinguée. "BN. DELESSERT." Had Mr. Smirke known of this letter, and the Mémoire which accompanied it, he would hardly have written to Mr. Panizzi, as he did in 1858, saying: "I feel no hesitation in stating that the idea of a circular Reading Room with surrounding library and with divisions formed wholly of bookcases was perfectly original and entirely your own.' 7, King Street, Covent Garden. FRED. NORGATE. THE AUTHORSHIP OF THE "IMITATIO CHRISTI " (6th S. iv. 246, 335, 358).-MR. COOLIDGE infers, I presume, from the words which he quotes from La Grande Chartreuse, p. 203, note, "C'est donc que cette expression était employée par tout le monde et non point exclusivement en Allemagne," that exterius, in the sense of " by heart," was used throughout the world, and not exclusively in Germany. Withdrawing, therefore, my previous question as to Carthusian writers, and the date, 1430, I hope MR. COOLIDGE will not be offended with me if I ask him whether he knows of any non-German author whatsoever who uses exterius for "by heart." I am really anxious for the information. I read MR. COOLIDGE's papers on Walter Hilton, and I came to the conclusion that he had never studied the question of the authorship of the Imitation. The numerous contemporary witnesses who have deposed, beyond all possibility of doubt or of refutation, and at a time when the authorship was never disputed, that Thomas à Kempis was the author, form an obstacle which cannot be got over. Moreover, there is this curious fact about the Imitation: the only language into which it can be translated literally and idiomatically is the Flemish. Take, for instance, the following verses :-1. Ecce in cruce totum stat, et in moriendo totum jacet (1. 2, c. 12, § 3). 2. Quid est homo inde melior quia reputatur ab homine major? (1. 3, c. 50, § 8). The Flemish is literal to the very word. 1. Alles bestaet dan in het kruis, en in het sterven ligt alles. 2. Wat is 1 -een mensch er beter om, als hy van een ander mensch voor groot gehouden is? The Gersenists meet the difficulty of the crucial scire exterius (si scires totam bibliam exterius, 1. 1, c. 1) by leaving the word out altogether; and none of the Benedictine editions give it. Recently more than one Gersenist has attempted to show that there is an idiom in Italian-sapere da fuori -for "to know a thing by heart"; and it was also added that this form of expression was in use at Verona. Italy is very rich in dialects, and also in vocabularies and dictionaries. I soon procured one of the Verona dialect, and found that to know a thing by heart was saper a mente; but no trace was to be found of saper da fuori. I then wrote to a courteous friend in Bologna-who has an unrivalled collection of Italian vocabularies and dictionaries, more than two hundred and he kindly examined them for me, but saper da fuori could not be found in any of them. The Vocabolario Della Crusca (Venet., 1741) gives saper a mente only; hence I conclude that the evidence against saper da fuori is conclusive. Scire exterius, "to know by heart," is not, however, confined to the Imitation. John Busch, or Buschius, in his work De Viribus illustribus Capituli Windesemensis, quotes a letter of Florentius Radewyns whose scholar Thomas à Kempis had been to Henry Balveren, the vestiarius at Windesem, which contains these words: "Consulo tibi quod habeas circa te Speculum Monachorum, aut Speculum Bernardi, secundum quod omnes actus tuos potes ordinare; quod etiam ita discas exterius ut in omnibus operibus tuis occurrat tibi quomodo te debes habere." And again :-"Et hoc erit tibi leve quando prompta consuetudine libellum scis exterius." EDMUND WATERTON. JENNET (6th S. iv. 288).—I think this word can by no means be treated as obsolete, and though I cannot give chapter and verse, believe it is of not unfrequent occurrence in recent fiction. As to its origin, most etymologists seem to agree that it is from the Spanish. Bailey gives "Genet, a kind of Spanish horse," and "Jennets, Spanish or Barbary mares.' This is discrepancy number one. The next dictionary I refer to, Barlow's, 1772, has "Jennet, see Gennet," and omits the latter word altogether. This trick of referring from one word to a second, and then omitting the latter, is not very uncommon, and is exceedingly provoking. J. K.'s dictionary, 1772, has "Genet, a kind of Spanish horse, or cat." Walker's Dictionary, 1842, has also an incorrect cross-reference: "Jennet, a Spanish horse, see Gennet"; but no such word appears, though we have " Genet, a small, well-proportioned Spanish horse." "Genet, a small Spanish pony," says Mr. Jabez Jenkins (Vest Pocket Lexicon, 1871). When spelt with a g, the one n seems most usual. Mr. Jenkins gives the same definition of jennet. Chambers's Etymological Dictionary has "Jennet, same as genet," and under the latter repeats Walker's definition, adding the derivation, "Fr. genêt; Sp. ginete, a horse-soldier; also given as a horse of Jaen, in Spain." Brachet's French dictionary also derives genet from Spanish ginete. The only Spanish dictionary I possess gives "Ginete, cavalier armé d'une lance et d'un bouclier, bon écuyer." But the French-Spanish definition throws more light on the word: "Genet, rocin español entero, y de mediano cuerpo." Do we not come near the sempiternal "Rozinante" in this? "A name lofty-sounding, and significant of what he had been before, and also of what he was now; in a word, a horse before or above all the vulgar breed of horses in the world." In Ainsworth's English-Latin Dictionary the Latin equivalents of genet are Asturco, equus Hispanicus, caballus," while the English renderings of asturco are An ambling nag, a Spanish gennet [here the two n's reappear], a pad, a palfrey," and the word asturco is derived from Asturia. JAMES HOOPER. 3, Claude Villas, Denmark Hill, S.E. This word, properly written genet, is found in Spanish under ginéte (O. Fr. genet, geneste; It. gianetto). Minsheu derives it from L. genus, q.d., boni generis equus, (i.e.) stirpis generosa.' But to arrive at the etymology we must look to an earlier meaning of ginéte (Catalan, janet), viz., a light-armed horse-soldier. Littré gives several suggestions as to the etymology of the latter; viz., from Arab. djund, "soldat"; from yvu VÝTYS, "homme qui s'exerce"; from Cinetes, "name of the inhabitants of the country between Cape St. Vincent and the Guadiana, whose cavalry was armed with lance and buckler"; and from L. gignus. M. Dozy derives the word from Arabic Zenata, a Berber people renowned for the valour of its cavalry. I would trace the word genet, à priori, thus: Arabic, kanat, a cane, a spear; whence Sp. ginéta, a kind of lance; whence ginéte, a horse-soldier armed with such a weapon; finally, the horse itself. The Romans called a genet asturco (astur equus), so named from Asturia, in Spain, where they were, perhaps, reared. 14, Adelphi Terrace. R. S. CHARNOCK. Prof. Skeat, in his Etymological Dictionary, says that this word is derived from the old French word genette, 66 a genet or Spanish horse," and the Spanish ginete, a nag. He adds, that "the original sense was a horse-soldier, especially a light-armed horse-soldier." The word is traced by Dozy to the Arab Zenata, a tribe of Barbary celebrated for its cavalry. See also Wedgwood's Dictionary of English Etymology. The word can hardly be said, I think, to be in common use, though one may possibly find an instance of its use now and then. A friend of mine tells me that Lord Beaconsfield made use of it in his Endymion, but not having a copy of the novel I am unable to verify it. G. F. R. B. This word is in very common use in the south and west of Ireland to denote the offspring of a horse and a she-ass, in contradistinction to a mule, the offspring of a he-ass and a mare. Jennets are, as a rule, bigger and better-shaped animals than mules, and have much shorter ears. C. AN OLD MARBLE SLAB IN ST. MARGARET'S CHURCHYARD (6th S. iv. 27, 519, 545).-The deep interest to which the examination, the statement, and the exposure of this remarkable relic has given rise, has led to a further search for matter which might help to confirm the conjecture in "N. & Q.," 6th S. iv. 519, viz., that this relic is a veritable landmark of the Romano-British period. The Rev. Dr. William Stukeley, the eminent antiquary and naturalist, who died in 1765, writing about the middle of the century, contended that through and from the ancient Roman Verulam, now St. Alban's, the Roman road Watling Street continued eastward, and, crossing the Oxford Road at Tyburn, ran through Hyde and St. James's Parks towards the Thames, which it reached at Old Palace Yard, Westminster. From thence to the ancient Londinum and its tower the access on or beside the noble river was easy. It may be conceived from this why Mr. Black, whose interest was so much aroused by the discovery of the Roman coffin in 1869, became at once entirely concurrent with the opinion of Dr. Stukeley, and on that faith proposed to search for another vestige of Roman road, of the pre-existence of which the place of the coffin was an infallible sign. This search, however, so far, proved fruitless; but the present discovery of the slab gives a potent confirmation of Dr. Stukeley's opinion of the intimate connexion of Westminster with the Roman Way (the Forty-Foot Way as it was sometimes called) from a very early period. It is quite reasonable to suppose that the existence of the Roman road led to the choice of this site for the Confessor's Saxon abbey, and for that of the royal palace and Norman hall on the Bank of the river, and to the placing of St. Mar garet's Church where it now is-between which and the abbey the Roman road may have beenand ultimately to the erection of the sanctuary on the north side and of the precincts on the southand all this because of the great and paramount. advantage of an excellent Roman Way, although it seems then to have terminated in a thorny island and a terrible desert, which was at once to become the site of a royal city and of a grand monastery. If only a small portion of this series of probabilities is accepted there is good cause to maintain a reverence for the relic. This will best be done by keeping it as near the original position in the churchyard as possible. That place is about to become a much frequented centre of traffic, and there it would be subject to wear and tear. But the slab only a few feet distant and south-east of a space seems to present itself for the reception of the true spot. It is within an angle of a stone border which encloses a grass plot. It is worthy of note that Dr. Stukeley, whose name is so much associated with this essay, saw the famous sanctuary of Westminster on the eve of its demolition. He made a good drawing and description of it, and that valuable paper and another on Westminster Abbey are two of the earliest in Archeologia. It is quite possible that his practised eye may have detected the Roman relic when it lay almost alone in a brighter and less worn state than we now see it. An additional proof of Roman remains in the abbey has recently been seen in digging the graves, first that of the late Lord Lawrence and next of Mr. G. E. Street, where, deep in the earth, a solid concrete wall was encountered, exhibiting the materials of Roman work converted into concrete, probably for a wall across the nave. It may have been the wall which was made by King Edward I. for the eastern termination of his, the first, portion of the nave, perhaps his porch wall. There can be little doubt as to some of the ingredients of the said concrete being Roman. Mr. Wright, the clerk of the works, has carefully stored them, and is pleased to exhibit them to those who appreciate their interest. The insertion of this paper in "N. & Q." will have established its subject in history, and will, with the legendary fame which the proper placing of the relic will acquire, help to add a slight ray to the halo which surrounds that venerable fabric, Westminster Abbey. AN OLD INHABITANT. BAD COPY AND GOOD PRINTERS (6th S. v. 46). I have often heard this story, but never so circumstantially. I think it has probably been repeated rather too often, as it is a standing excuse for bad writers. The morality of it is more than questionable, and it ought surely to be understood, amongst gentlemen, that a writer who purposely writes illegibly commits а most cowardly and unjustifiable crime against the unfortunate compositors. WALTER W. SKEAT. JEREMIAH CLARK, OR CLARKE (6th S. iii. 410; iv. 112, 256, 316, 352).—MR. JULIAN MARSHALL'S admission that Clarke spelt his name as I quoted it would have been quite satisfactory if he had not cited three MSS. in the British Museum as autographs of Clarke. The anthems "I will love Thee,' ," "Praise the Lord," "The Lord is full," are contained in two volumes (Add. MSS. 30,931, 30,932), but they are not in Clarke's hand, being copies made by Daniel Henstridge, who was organist of Canterbury Cathedral from 1700 to 1730. The testimonial given by Clarke (see "N. & Q.," 6th S. iv. 316) is taken from a volume containing transcripts of official documents belonging to Gresham College; and as this volume was made by Ward, Gresham Professor of Rhetoric and author of The Lives of the Gresham Professors, it may be relied on as accurate. In Blow's Amphion Anglicus will be found lines addressed by Clarke to his master, and there he spells his name with an e. I am sure MR. MARSHALL is equally desirous with myself to avoid promulgating an error, and I therefore call attention to the mistake he has made respecting the supposed autographs of the celebrated composer Jeremiah Clarke. W. H. CUMMINGS. "TENNIS" (6th S. iii. 495; iv. 90, 214; v. 56). -With respect to the curious remarks at the last reference, it is as well to remember these facts. The A.-S. teón is short for tihan, and is from the root dik, the n being only the sign of the infinitive. This being so, where is the connexion with the root tan? Of course a Sanskrit t is represented by th in Anglo-Saxon, and the English word really connected with tan is thin. CELER. ELVASTON [AND ALVASTON] OR AYLEWASTON CASTLE, DERBYSHIRE (1st S. vi. 510; 6th S. iv. 521). It would seem that we have Alvaston and Elvaston in close proximity in Derbyshire, Alvaston being a chapelry in the parish of St. Michael, Derby, and in the union of Shardlow and hundred of Morleston and Litchurch, Elvaston a parish in the same union and hundred. The latter is the one which contains the castle referred to by D. G. C. E. It appears to me, on looking at the statements of the various ordinary sources of reference on county topography and nomenclature, that the two are probably simply variants of the Domesday form given by Lysons and Glover as Alewoldestune, and that both sites were embraced in the Domesday manor of that name, which was held by Tochi, and was given to Dale Abbey by Matilda de Salicosa Mare, a descendant of the founder of that house. Glover, in his History of the County of Derby (edited by Thomas Noble, Derby, 1829), gives the following collection of various forms of the name, s.v. Alvaston (the chapelry), "Edolveston, Alewoldestune, Allvadeston, Alvadestun, Alvoldeston," but, unfortunately, without citing the relative authorities. Alvardeston and Alveston occur in the Inquisitiones p.m. 1-51 Edw. III. Mr. F. Davis, in his Etymology of some Derbyshire Place-names (London, Bemrose, reprinted from the Journal of the Derbyshire Archæological Society, vol. ii., 1880), has the following: "Alvaston (DD.B. [i. e. Domesday Book] Aleuuoldestune). The prefix is from the name of the A.-S. saint Elvan": "Elvaston (DD.B. Ælvvoldestune). A.-S. Elvan, a personal name," and translates both as Elvan's town." There is an Alvaston in Cheshire, and an Alveston in Gloucestershire. In Wiltshire there is an Alvesdiston, said to derive its name from a Domesday Aileva. I do not myself see the probability of the balance of correctness being in favour of the etymology "Elvan's town." It rather seems to me, to assume a person called Alewold, or Aelfwold, if the higher powers in etymology, that we ought the origin be personal; then we should reasonably see that person in the Domesday form, where I do not see Elvan. "Elfwald Dux" witnesses charters of Athelstan, and "Elfwoldus Episcopus," temp. Edw. Conf. (see Kemble, Cod. Dip., ii. 162, 168; iv. 158), comes very near Domesday. NOMAD. pace CHARLES II.'S HIDING PLACES (6th S. iv. 207, 498, 522; v. 28).-I am much surprised to find MR. J. TOM BURGESS stating that Moseley and Bentley halls have disappeared. It is true that the old hall at Bentley, in which the gallant Col. Worcester, has given place to a more modern Lane sheltered his sovereign after the battle of structure, built, however, by the family, who after wards sold their estate there, and now reside at King's Bromley Manor, in the neighbourhood of Lichfield. The present Col. Lane is the lineal descendant of the faithful cavalier above mentioned. With regard to Moseley Hall MR. BurGESS is totally mistaken. Though, owing to the decay of the timbers in its walls, it was necessary, a few years ago, to thoroughly strengthen these, and even to case them in brickwork, it is essentially the same house to which, conducted by the Penderell brothers, the king was brought from Boscobel and received by my great-great-greatgrandfather. The interior of the house is changed only by the enlargement of one room on the ground floor; all the others are exactly as they then were. The old oak staircase by which the king ascended to the bedroom where he rested on his arrival is. identical, as is the bedstead in that room on which he slept. The hiding-place, which had been constructed under the floor of an adjoining closet for the security of the priest of the family in the days. 2 of Elizabeth, remains in exactly the same condition as when the king descended into it, and the door was placed over it by my ancestor when the Roundheads visited the house in search of him. My family left Moseley Hall for a modern and more commodious house on the estate, built by my father, about sixty years ago, since which time the old house has always been the residence of a tenant. I hope that this short account may interest your readers, coming as it does from the representative of our family. FRANCIS WHITGREAVE. "HIP, HIP, HURRAH!" AND THE JEWISH WARCRY "HEP!" (6th S. iv. 346).-The following further letter, from the Jewish World, Sept. 2, 1881, concerning the war-cry "Hep!" may be interesting: "SIR,-In the letter of one of your correspondents, headed The Rev. A. L. Green's Sermon' (August 26), there occurs a passage relating to the etymology of 'Hep!' I do not think it has anything to do with either "y" or "x", but rather that the word is composed of the initials of the words 'Hierosolyma Est Perdita' (Jerusalem is lost), which formed the war cry of the infuriated mobs who attacked and destroyed 80 many of our people during the Crusades. With due apologies for intruding,-Yours faithfully, "London, August 26, 1881." .אריה JAMES HOOPER. 3, Claude Villas, Denmark Hill, S.E. IRISH POPULAR BALLADS: "HARVEY DUFF " (6th S. v. 6).—The readers of "N. & Q." who have seen the play of the Shaughraun will remember the character of Harvey Duff, who acts the part of an informer and cunning schemer, and of one who is ready to sell the innocent for love of gain. The tune set to a song with the refrain of "Harvey Duff, Harvey Duff," is not sung in the play which has given this hero to the world, but has been invented for the annoyance of that most loyal and respectable force, the Royal Irish Constabulary, the inference being that they are like him in their character and acts. A short time since a young man was arrested at a town in the county of Limerick for whistling the tune, who, upon being brought before the presiding justice, was charged by the policeman with "using language calculated to provoke a breach of the peace." On being cross-examined he swore that the language complained of was "Harvey Duff,' which was whistled at him in a defiant manner." The tune has something of the character of an Irish jig, and would, even without "Harvey Duff," be popular among the Irish peasantry. R. D. 3, Sydney Place, Cork. THE "CATHOLICON ANGLICUM" (6th S. v. 24).I am very much obliged to MR. PEACOCK for the kind way in which he speaks of this work, and also for the valuable notes he furnishes. Since the book has been issued I have, by the kindness of 66 friends, been enabled to clear up some of the difficulties referred to in the preface. Thus, a hint from MR. HUCKS GIBBS that welpe, on p. 422, was, as is clear from the alphabetical arrangement, a mistake for wolfe, soon led to the true explanation of the word. Gouldman gives, "Wolfe, a disease, Herpes exedens, phagedana," that is, a cancer. Lupus, as a fish, is, of course, the pike. Another friend suggests that "Sprynge, enervare,” p. 356, is the same as our word to spring," "when we speak of a bat being sprung. If MR. PEACOCK will look at the " Additional Notes," pp. xxxv and xli, he will find some more on Chimney and Forster. Can he furnish an earlier instance of the word chimney in the modern sense than that given from the Sowdone of Babylone (c. 1400)? S. J. HERRTAGE. Medylle erthe.-We have in the Merry Wives of Windsor,— "I smell a man of middle earth." Act V. sc. v. On which Steevens observes, "So, in the ancient metrical romance of Syr Guy of Warwick, bl. 1. (no date): 'Thou mayst them slea with dint of swearde, And win the fayrest mayde of middle erde.' Again, in Gower, De Confessione Amantis, fol. 26: 'Adam, for pride, lost his price In myddell erth."" Malone, in the appendix to his edition of Shakto Gawin Douglas's translation of Virgil, is only spere, remarks:-" Middle earth, says the glossarist the earth. Ab. A.-S. myddan eard, mundus." WILLIAM PLATT. Callis Court, St. Peter's, Isle of Thanet. Lappe. I have frequently heard this word applied in the North of England, at the close of a day's fishing, to packing up the rods and lines. Spenser has an allusion to its meaning the enclosing a corpse in lead in the following passage, in his Shepheard's Calendar, published in 1579: "But ah! Maecenas is yclad in claye, Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge. |