on a religious account that he had suffered deprivation and imprisonment, but on an obscure accusation of having participated in some traitorous or rebellious design: a charge brought against him, in the opinion of most, falsely, and through the corrupt procurement of Northumberland, who found the deprivation of Tunstal, and the abolition of the see by act of parliament, indispensable preliminaries to his project of causing the bishopric of Durham to be erected into a county palatine for himself. This meek and amiable prelate returned to the exercise of his high functions without a wish of revenging on the protestants, in their adversity, the painful acts of disingenuousness which their late ascendancy had forced upon him. During the whole of Mary's reign, no person is recorded to have suffered for religion within the limits of his diocese. The mercy which he had shown, he afterwards deservedly experienced. Refusing, on the accession of Elizabeth, to preserve his mitre by a repetition of compliances of which so many recent examples of conscientious suffering, in men of both persuasions, must have made him ashamed, he suffered a second deprivation; but his person was committed to the honorable custody of archbishop Parker. By this learned and munificent prelate the acquirements and virtues of Tunstal were duly appreciated and sincerely esteemed. He found at Lambeth a retirement suited to his age, his tastes, and his favorite pursuits: by the arguments of his friendly host he was brought to renounce several of the grosser corruptions of popery; and on his death, in the year 1560, an honorable monument was erected by the primate to his memory.

With views and sentiments how opposite did Gardiner and Bonner resume the crosier! It would be credulity, not candour, to yield to either of these bad men the character of sincere, though over-zealous, votaries of the religion which they professed. True it is that they have subjected themselves to the loss of their bishoprics, and to a severe imprisonment, by a refusal to give in their renunciation of certain doctrines of the Romish church; but, as they had previously gone much further in compliance than conscience would allow to any real catholic, they may fairly be presumed to have stopped short in this career only because they perceived in the council such a determination to strip them, under one pretext or another, of all their preferments, as manifestly rendered further compliance useless. Both of them had policy enough to restrain them, under such circumstances, from degrading their characters gratuitously, and depriving themselves of the merit of having suffered for a faith which might soon become again predominant. They received their due reward in the favor of Mary, who recognised them with joy as the fit instruments of her bloody and tyrannical designs, to which Gardiner supplied the crafty and contriving head, Bonner the vigorous and unsparing arm.

The proud wife of the protector Somerset,-who had been imprisoned,

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POLE. LATIMER.-RIDLEY.-SIR JAMES HALES.

but never brought to trial, as an accomplice in her husband's plots,— was now dismissed to a safe insignificance. The marchioness of Exeter, against whom an attainder had passed in Henry's reign, too iniquitous for even that prince to carry into effect, was also rescued from her long captivity, and indemnified for the loss of her property by some valuable grants from the new confiscations of the ruined Dudleys and their adherents.

The only state-prisoner to whom the door was not opened on this occasion was Geffrey Pole, that base betrayer of his brother and his friends, by whose evidence lord Montacute and the marquis of Exeter had been brought to an untimely end. It is satisfactory to learn, that the commutation of perpetual imprisonment for death was all the favor which this wretch obtained from Henry; that neither Edward nor Mary broke his bonds; and that, as far as appears, his punishment ended only with his miserable existence.

Not long, however, were these dismal abodes suffered to remain unpeopled. The failure of the criminal enterprise of Northumberland first filled the Tower with the associates, or victims, of his guilt. Nearly the whole of the Dudley family were its tenants for a longer or shorter time; and it was another remarkable coincidence of their destinies, which Elizabeth in the after days of her power and glory might have pleasure in recalling to her favorite Leicester, that during the whole of her captivity in this fortress he also was included in the number of its melancholy inmates.

The places of Tunstal, Gardiner, and Bonner, were speedily supplied by the more zealous of Edward's Bishops, Holgate, Coverdale, Ridley, and Hooper; nor was it long before Latimer and Cranmer were united to their suffering brethren.

The queen made no difficulty of pardoning and receiving into favor those noblemen and others, members of the privy-council, whom a dread of the resentment of Northumberland had driven into compliance with his measures in favor of Jane Grey; well aware, perhaps, that the men who had submitted to be the instruments of his violent and illegal proceedings would feel little hesitation in lending their concurrence to hers also. On this principle, the marquis of Winchester and the earls of Arundel and Pembroke were employed and distinguished; the last of these experienced courtiers making expiation for his past errors by causing his son, lord Herbert, to divorce the lady Catherine Grey, to whom it had so lately suited his political views to unite him.

Sir James Hales on the contrary, that conscientious and upright judge, who alone, of all the privy counsellors and crown-lawyers, had persisted in refusing his signature to the act by which Mary was disinherited of the crown, found himself unrewarded and even discountenanced. The queen well knew, what probably the judge would not be

inclined to deny, that it was attachment, not to her person, but to the constitution of his country, which had prompted him to resist that violation of the legal order of succession; and had it even been otherwise, she would have regarded all her obligations to him as effectually cancelled by his zealous adherence to the church-establishment of the preceding reign. Judge Hales was soon after thrown into prison for daring to urge upon the grand juries whom he addressed in his circuit the execution of some of Edward's laws in matters of religion, which were not yet repealed. He endured with constancy the sufferings of a long and rigorous confinement, aggravated by the threats and illtreatment of his jailor. At length some persons in authority were sent to propound terms of release. It is suspected that they extorted from him some concessions on the point of religion; for immediately after their departure, retiring to his cell, in a fit of despair he stabbed himself with his knife in different parts of the body, and was only withheld by the entrance of his servant from inflicting a mortal wound. Bishop Gardiner had. the barbarity to insult over the agony or distraction of a noble spirit overthrown by persecution; he even converted this solitary act into a general reflection against protestantism, which he presumed to call 'the doctrine of desperation.' Some time after, Hales obtained his enlargement on payment of a fine of six thousand pounds. But he did not with his liberty recover his peace of mind; and after struggling for a few months with unconquerable melancholy, he found its final cure in the waters of a pond in his garden.

No blood, except of principals, was shed by Mary on account of the proclamation of Jane Grev; but she visited with lower degrees of punishment, secretly proportioned to the zeal which they had displayed in the reformation of religion, several of the more eminent partisans of this 'meek usurper.' The three tutors of king Edward, sir Anthony Cook, sir John Cheke, and Dr. Cox, were sufficiently implicated in the affair to warrant their imprisonment for some time on suspicion; and all were eager, on their release, to shelter themselves from the approaching storm by flight.

Cheke, after confiscation of his estate, obtained permission to travel for a given time on the continent. Cook selected Strasburgh for his place of exile. The wise moderation of character by which this excellent person was distinguished seems to have preserved him from taking any part in the angry contentions of protestant with protestant, exile with exile, by which the refugees of Strasburgh and Frankfort scandalised their brethren, and afforded matter of triumph to the church of Rome. On the accession of Elizabeth, he returned with alacrity to re-occupy and embellish the modest mansion of his forefathers, and 'through the loop-holes of retreat' to view with honest exultation the high career or public fortune run by his two illustrious sons-in-law, Nicholas Bacon and William Cecil.

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CONDUCT OF THE CLERICAL EXILES IN GERMANY.

The enlightened views of society taken by sir Anthony had led him to extend to his daughters one of the noblest privileges of the other sex, opportunities for the early and systematic acquirement of solid knowledge. Through his admirable instructions their minds were stored with learning, strengthened with principles, and formed to habits of reasoning and observation, which rendered them the worthy partners of great statesmen, who knew and felt their value. The fame of these distinguished females has also reflected back additional lustre on the character of their father, who was wont to say to them, in the noble confidence of unblemished integrity, 'My life is your portion, my example your inheritance.'

Dr. Cox was a very different personage. After some abode at Strasburgh, where the English exiles had formed themselves into a congregation using the liturgy of the church of England, he repaired to Frankfort, another city of refuge to his countrymen at this period; and here the intolerance of his zeal against such of them as more inclined to the form of worship instituted by Calvin involved him in a violent quarrel with John Knox, against whom, on pretext of his having libelled the emperor, he found means to kindle the resentment of the magistrates, who compelled him to quit the city. After this disgraceful victory over a brother-reformer smarting under the same scourge of persecution with himself, he returned to Strasburgh, where he more laudably employed himself in establishing a kind of English university.

Cox's zeal for the church of England, his sufferings in the cause, and his services to learning, obtained for him from Elizabeth the bishopric of Ely; but neither party enjoyed from this appointment all the satisfaction which might have been anticipated. The courage, perhaps the self-opinion, of Dr. Cox, engaged him on several occasions in opposition to the measures of the queen; and his narrow and persecuting spirit involved him in perpetual disputes and animosities, which rendered the close of a long life turbulent and unhappy, and took from his learning and his gray hairs their due reverence. The rapacity of the courtiers, who obtained grant after grant of the lands belonging to his bishopric, was another fruitful source of vexation to him; and he had actually tendered the resignation of his see on very humiliating terms, when death came to his relief in the year 1581, the eighty-second of his age.

If in this and a few other instances, the polemical zeal, natural to men who had sacrificed their worldly all for the sake of religion, was observed to degenerate among the refugees into personal quarrels disgraceful to themselves and injurious to their noble cause, it ought on the other hand to be observed, that some of the firmest and most affectionate friendships of the age were formed amongst these companions in adversity; and that by many who attained under Elizabeth

the highest preferments and distinctions, the title of fellow-exile never ceased to be regarded as the most sacred and endearing bond of brotherhood.

Other opportunities will arise of commemorating some of the more eminent of the clergy who renounced their country during the persecutions of Mary; but respecting the laity, it may here be remarked, that, with the exception of Catherine duchess-dowager of Suffolk, not a single person of quality was found in this list of conscientious sufferers; though one peer, probably the earl of Bedford, underwent imprisonment on a religious account at home. Of the higher gentry, however, there were considerable numbers who either went and established themselves in the protestant cities of Germany, or passed away the time in travelling.

Sir Francis Knowles, whose lady was niece to Anne Boleyn, took the former part, residing with his eldest son at Frankfort; Walsingham adopted the latter. With the views of a future minister of state, he visited in succession the principal courts of Europe, where he employed his diligence and sagacity in laying the foundations of that intimate knowledge of their policy and resources by which he afterwards rendered his services so important to his queen and country.

CHAP. VII. 1554 AND 1555. Arrival of Wyat and his associates at the Tower.-Savage treatment of them. Further instances of Mary's severity.-Duke of Suffolk beheaded.-Death of lady Jane Grey-of Wyat, who clears Elizabeth of all share in his designs.—Trial of Throgmorton.—Bill for the exclusion of Elizabeth thrown out.-Parliament protects her rights-is dissolved.-Rigorous confinement of Elizabeth in the Tower. She is removed under guard of Beddingfield-carried to Richmond-offered liberty with the hand of the duke of Savoy— refuses—is carried to Ricot, thence prisoner to Woodstock.—Anec dotes of her behaviour.—Cruelty of Gardiner towards her attendants.-Verses by Harrington.-Marriage of the queen.-Alarms of the protestants.—Arrival of Cardinal Pole.-Popery restored.— Persecution begun.-King Philip procures the liberation of state prisoners.-Earl of Devon travels into Italy-dies.-Obligation of Elizabeth to Philip discussed.-She is invited to court -keeps her Christmas there-returns to Woodstock-is brought again to court by Philip's intercession.-Gardiner urges her to to make submissions, but in vain.-She is brought to the queenpermitted to reside without guards at one of the royal seats-finally settled at Hatfield.—Character of sir Thomas Pope.-Notice of the Harringtons.-Philip quits England.-Death of Gardiner.

It is now proper to return to circumstances more closely connected with the situation of Elizabeth at this eventful period of her life.