trict of Columbia slave-trade bill. - Compromise discussed: Southern friends; Northern friends; "question of sentiment" and "question of principle". — Question of danger to the Union: Calhoun's attitude; Southern legislatures; 1850, Nashville convention; threats in the debate; Northern apprehensions.

General.-H. Von Holst, John C. Calhoun, Ch. ix; A. C. McLaughlin, Lewis Cass, Chs. viii, ix; Horace Greeley, American Conflict, I, Ch. xv; George T. Curtis, James Buchanan, II, Ch. i; James G. Blaine, Twenty Years, I, Ch. v; S. H. Gay, Bryant's Popular History, IV, Ch. xv; George Lunt, Origin of the Late War, Chs. vii, viii; Stanwood, Presidential Elections, Ch. xviii; Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, I, Chs. xiii-xviii; H. A. Wise, Seven Decades, Ch. xiii; J. A. Spencer, History, III, Book VII, Ch. vii; Samuel Eliot, Manual, Pt. iv, Ch. ix; J. W. Draper, Civil War, I, Ch. xxiii.

Special. J. F. Rhodes, History, I, Chs. ii, iii; John C. Hurd, Freedom and Bondage, I, Ch. xvi; H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, III, Chs. xv, xvi; George T. Curtis, Daniel Webster, II, Chs. xxxvi, xxxvii; H. C. Lodge, Daniel Webster, Ch. ix; Alexander H. Stephens, War between the States, II, Colloquies, xv, xvi; Carl Schurz, Henry Clay, Ch. xxvi; James Schouler, History, V, Chs. xix, xx; Henry Wilson, Slave Power, II, Chs. xviii-xxiv; Marion G. McDougall, Fugitive Slaves, §§ 29-32. Lives of Clay, Webster, Calhoun, Jefferson Davis, Seward, Chase (see § 25).

Sources. DEBATES AND DOCUMENTS: Congressional Globe, 31 Cong. I sess.; T. H. Benton, Abridgment, XVI; Senate Documents, 31 Cong. I sess. IX, No. 18, XIII, Nos. 55, 56, 60, XIV, Nos. 67, 74, 76; Senate Miscellaneous, 31 Cong. I sess. (resolutions of state legislatures, etc.); Senate Reports, 31 Cong. I sess. I, No. 123; [House] Exec. Docs., 31 Cong. I sess. Pt. 1, Vol. III, No. 5, Vol. V, No. 17, Vol.

VII, No. 39. · CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: Thomas H. Benton,

Thirty Years' View, II, Chs. clxxxiii-cxcvii; John C. Calhoun, Works, IV, 542-577; Henry Clay, Private Correspondence, Chs. xiii, xiv; Daniel Webster, Works, V, 302-438; Henry Clay, Works, II (VI), 601– 634; Jefferson Davis, Confederate Government, I, Chs. ii, iii; James S. Pike, First Blows of the Civil War, 1–120; Horace Greeley, Slavery Extension, Ch. XIII; Alexander Johnston, American Orations, II, 46– 134; E. D. Keyes, Fifty Years' Observation, Ch. xiii; E. L. Pierce, Charles Sumner, III, Chs. xxxiv, xxxv; Charles Sumner, Speeches, III; Nathan Sargent, Public Men and Events, II, Ch. viii; Peter Harvey,

§ 198.]

Compromise of 1850.

393

Reminiscences of Webster; Ben Perley Poore, Perley's Reminiscences, Chs. xxvii-xxx; U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, I, Chs. xiv, xv; G. W. Julian, Political Recollections; Marion G. McDougall, Fugitive Slaves, Appendix B.

Bibliography. — W. E. Foster, Presidential Administrations, 34-38; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 554; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, §§ 137-143; Gordy and Twitchell, Pathfinder, Part ii, 159–161.

Summary.

§ 198. Fugitive Slaves, 1850-1860.

Legal status of runaway slaves: causes (§ 186); in slave states (§ 182); in free states (§ 182); in territories (§ 196); in foreign countries (§ 196). — National action: act of 1793 (§ 161); negotiations of 1825 (§ 129); act of 1850 (§ 197); question of constitutionality. - Personal liberty acts: state statutes before 1850; statutes from 1850 to 1854; statutes after 1854; Southern complaints. "Underground Railroad": southern termini; colored agents; white agents; crossing to Canada ; prosecutions; "the Higher Law"; number aided. Famous cases before 1850 (§§ 189, 196); 1850, Hamlet; 1851, Shadrach rescue, Sims, Christiana (Castner Hanway trial), Jerry McHenry rescue; 1854, Burns; 1855, Passmore Williamson; 1856, Garner; 1858, Oberlin-Wellington rescue; 1858, John Brown in Kansas (§ 200). — 1855-59, Wisconsin decision (Ableman vs. Booth); 1861, "Contrabands" (§ 214).

General.

- Horace Greeley, American Conflict, I, Ch. xvi; S. H. Gay, Bryant's Popular History, IV, 389-401; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, II, 315-317, III, 162, 163; A. H. Stephens, War between the States, II, 44-53; J. Schouler, History, V, Ch. xx.

Special. J. F. Rhodes, History since 1850, I, 192–227, 294; Henry Wilson, Slave Power, II, Chs. v-viii, xxv-xxviii, xxxiii, xxxiv; Marion G. McDougall, Fugitive Slaves, Chs. iii-vi; W. H. Siebert, Light on the Underground Railroad (American Historical Review, I, 455-63); H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, IV, Ch. i; T. R. R. Cobb, Inquiry into the Laws of Slavery, Chs. vii-xi; William Still, The Underground Railroad; S. G. Howe, Refugees from Slavery in Canada; A. Wilcox, Powers of the Federal Government over Slavery; Joel Parker, Personal Liberty Laws; J. C. Hurd, Law of Freedom and

Bondage; R. C. Hurd, Treatise on Personal Liberty and Habeas Corpus; Charles Francis Adams, Richard H. Dana, II; G. W. Williams, Negro Race, II, Chs. x, xi; J. W. Schuckers, Salmon P. Chase, Chs. ix, xv, xxi; R. B. Warden, Salmon P. Chase, Chs. xx, xxi. See biographies of anti-slavery men in §§ 25, 187.

Sources. - DEBATES AND DOCUMENTS: Congressional Globe, 31 Cong. 2 sess., 32 Cong., 33 Cong.; especially 31 Cong. 2 sess. App. pp. 292-326, 33 Cong. I sess. 1472, 1513-1518, 1552-1559; contemporary newspapers, especially the Liberator. - CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: Frederick Douglass, Life and Times, II, Chs. i, vii, ix, and My Bondage and Freedom; Garrisons, William Lloyd Garrison, III, Ch. xv ; James S. Pike, First Blows of the Civil War, 241-260; Levi Woodbury, Writings, I, 533; II, 345-367; Benjamin Drew, The Refugee; Mrs. Chapman Coleman, Life of John J. Crittenden, I, Ch. xxv; Samuel J. May, Recollections of the Anti-Slavery Conflict; Levi Coffin, Reminiscences; Stevens, History of Anthony Burns; Parker Pillsbury, Acts of the Anti-Slavery Apostles; W. G. Eliot, Story of Archer Alexander; Charles Stearns, Narrative of Henry Box Brown; W. G. Hawkins, Lunsford Lane; Narrative of Solomon Northrup. CASES: Prigg vs. Pennsylvania, 16 Peters, 539; Ableman vs. Booth, 21 Howard, 506; Kentucky vs. Denison, 24 Howard, 66; United States vs. Castner Hanway, 2 Wallace, Jr.; Trial of Castner Hanway, by a Member of the Philadelphia Bar. See §§ 187, 188.

Bibliography.

Marion G. McDougall, Fugitive Slaves, footnotes and App. E; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, II, 317; III, 163; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, § 144; W. H. Siebert, Underground Railroad (in preparation, 1896).

§ 199. Cuba and the Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854.

Summary. Cuba: 1807, Jefferson suggests annexation ; 1814-22, revolt of the Spanish colonies (§ 178); 1826, Panama Congress (§ 179); 1849–51, filibustering expeditions; 1850, Taylor's proclamation; 1850, Clayton-Bulwer Treaty; 1854, Black Warrior episode; 1854, October 18, "Ostend Manifesto." Western territory: 1820, left without organization (§ 177); 1834, "Indian Country "; 1836, corner added to Missouri; 185153, bills for organizing as a territory." Popular Sovereignty":

$ 199.]

Fugitives and Kansas-Nebraska.

395

1847, suggested by Leake and Cass (§ 196); 1850, not stated in the Compromise (§ 197); 1854, Douglas's new version. Nebraska bill: 1853, December, House bill; 1851-54, three forms of Douglas's bill; 1854, Pierce's attitude; January 16, Dixon amendment; January 19, "Appeal of the Independent Democrats "; March 2, Chase's amendment; March 3, passes Senate ; May 20, passes House. Issues: question of previous repeal in 1850; demands of the South; extent of "squatter sovereignty"; principle of non-intervention. — Effects: Cuba impossible; Republican party formed (§ 201); Kansas struggle (§ 200); contest accelerated (§ 204).

General. Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, I, Chs. xix-xxi; Horace Greeley, American Conflict, I, Ch. xvii; J. W. Draper, Civil War, I, Ch. xxiv; S. H. Gay, Bryant's Popular History, IV, 405-409; T. Roosevelt, Thomas H. Benton, Ch. xv; A. C. McLaughlin, Lewis Cass, Ch. x; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, II, 667–670, III, 36, 281-284; James G. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, I, Ch. vi; L. W. Spring, Kansas, Chs. i, ii; William Chambers, American Slavery, 62–74; A. W. Young, American Statesman, Ch. lxxv; Jefferson Davis, Confederate Government, I, 26-29; E. A. Pollard, Lost Cause, Ch. iv; A. H. Stephens, War between the States, II, 240-257.

Special. J. F. Rhodes, History since 1850, I, Ch. v; H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, IV, Chs. iii-viii; V, Ch. i; Henry Wilson, Slave Power, II, Chs. xxx, xxxv; Friedrich Kapp, Geschichte der Sklaverei, Ch. xii; James Schouler, History, V, Ch. xxi, Sect. i; George T. Curtis, Life of James Buchanan, II, Chs. iv-vi; Reverdy Johnson, Remarks on Popular Sovereignty. See also histories of Kansas, Nebraska, and Colorado (§ 23), and biographies of Douglas, Chase, Seward, Hale, Sumner (§ 25).

Sources. DEBATES AND DOCUMENTS: Congressional Globe, 33 Cong. I sess. (see indexes on pp. xxi, lvii, App. p. vi); Senate Reports, 33 Cong. I sess. I, No. 15, II, 394; House Reports, 33 Cong. I sess. I, No. 80; House Exec. Docs., 33 Cong. 2 sess. X; American History Leaflets, Nos. 2, 17 (Reprints); Alexander Johnston, Representative American Orations, II, 183-255; Horace Greeley, Slavery Extension, Ch. xiv; Martin Van Buren, Political Parties, Ch. viii; [James Buchanan], Mr. Buchanan's Administration, Ch. ii; James S. Pike, First Blows of the Civil War, 108-240; E. L. Pierce, Charles Sumner,

III, Ch. xxxviii; Jefferson Davis, Confederate Government, I, Pt. i, Ch. v; Garrisons, William Lloyd Garrison, III, Ch. xiv; J. M. Cutts, Treatise on Party Questions, 91; John C. Calhoun, Works, IV, 339, 535; R. B Warden, Life of Salmon P. Chase; Robert Toombs, in A. H. Stephens's War between the States, I, 625; J. W. Schuckers, Life of Salmon P. Chase; Theodore Parker, Speeches, 297.

Bibliography. W. E. Foster, Presidential Administrations, 37, 39; E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists, § 145; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, II, 670; III, 37, 284; Gordy and Twitchell, Pathfinder, Pt. ii, 162; A. B. Hart, Revised Suggestions, § 64; notes to Von Holst and Rhodes.

$ 200. The Kansas Struggle, 1854-1861.

Summary. Status of the territories: Kansas west of Missouri; scanty population; interest of Missouri. - Emigration: 1854-55, Massachusetts and New England Emigrant Aid Societies; August, Lawrence founded; "Border Ruffians"; Southern emigrants; pro-slavery towns founded; instances of slaves ; 1856, Buford's Company; John Brown. Territorial govern

ment: 1854, October, Gov. Reeder (1); 1855, March, fraudulent election; July, Shawnee legislature, slave code; July, Gov. Shannon (2); 1856, Gov. Geary (3); 1857, November, Gov. Walker (4); 1858, Gov. Denver (5). — Free state movement: 1855, November, Topeka Convention; 1856, March, state officers; July 4, legislature dispersed by troops. — Civil war : 1855, "Wakarusa War"; 1856, May, sack of Lawrence; John Brown's fights; August, "treaty of Lawrence"; 1859, Brown's aid to fugitives (§ 198). — Lecompton Constitution: 1855-57, Republican majority in the House (§ 201); 1857, Buchanan president; November, Lecompton Convention; December, pretence of a popular vote; 1858, Douglas refuses to vote for it; April, English Bill"; August, Kansas refuses; November, LincolnDouglas debate (§ 203). Admission as a free state: 1859, July, Wyandotte Convention; 1861, January 21, state admitted.

General. Horace Greeley, American Conflict, I, 224-251; Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, I, Chs. xxii-xxvi; II, Ch. i; S. H. Gay, Bryant's Popular History, IV, Ch. xvi; J. E. Cairnes, Slave Power,