XXIII. THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD.

§ 204. The Sections Compared.

Summary. Geography: areas of free states, border states, and seceding states; status of territories; status of Pacific states. New states admitted: 1858, Minnesota; 1859, Oregon; 1861, Kansas (34th).— Military conditions: distances; coast line; Appalachian range; inside lines; the South on the defensive. — Economic comparison: agriculture; wealth; manufactures; commerce; means of communication. Social comparison: population, Northern, border states, Confederacy; negroes and whites; cities; education; intelligence. — Military comparison: number of troops, Northern and Southern; regular army; military administration; military aptitude; officers; the Northern and Southern volunteer; military supplies; military preparation; use of negroes. - Expectation of foreign aid: "King Cotton"; sympathy of England and France; effect of the blockade (§ 212). — Slavery the chief cause of difference (see §§ 186-189, 203).

General. NORTHERN ACCOUNTS: John C. Ropes, Story of the Civil War, I, Chs. vii, viii; Horace Greeley, American Conflict, I, Ch. xxi; S. S. Cox, Three Decades, Ch. v; James Redpath, Echoes from Harper's Ferry, App.; James G. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, I, Ch. xiv; Albert B. Hart, Practical Essays, No. xi; S. G. Fisher, Trial of the Constitution, Ch. v.— SOUTHERN ACCOUNTS: Jefferson Davis, Confederate Government, I, Pt. iv, 301-311, 471-483, II, Pt. iv, 705717; Alexander H. Stephens, War between the States, I, 446, 646 (Toombs's Lecture), II, 396; E. A. Pollard, Lost Cause, 49-53. — FOREIGN ACCOUNTS: James Spence, American Union, 248–314 ; William Chambers, American Slavery and Colour, Ch. xiv.

Special. NORTHERN ACCOUNTS: James F. Rhodes, History, III, Ch. xii; H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, VII, Chs. vii, viii; Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, III, Chs. i, ii; J. W. Draper,

§ 204.]

The Sections Compared.

403 American Civil War, I, Chs. xxvi, xix, II, Chs. xxxix, xli-xlv, III, Ch. xcv; T. S. Goodwin, Natural History of Secession; Richard Hildreth, Despotism in America; Century Co., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, I, 74-98; F. Phisterer, Statistical Record of the Armies of the United States; G. W. Williams, Negro Troops in the Rebellion. -SOUTHERN ACCOUNTS: J. D. B. De Bow, Industrial Resources of the Southern and Western States; R. L. Dabney, Defence of Virginia, Ch. viii; see also personal narratives in §§ 209, 210; James Williams, The South Vindicated, and Rise and Fall of the Model Republic.FOREIGN ACCOUNTS: Comte de Paris, History of the Civil War, I, 6, 16-29, 76-106, 172-217, 257-316; H. C. Fletcher, American War, I, Ch. iii; Adam Gurowski, America and Europe; J. E. Cairnes, The Slave Power; A. E. De Gasparin, Uprising of a Great People (Booth's translation); F. Laboulaye, Separation: War without end.

Sources. - DEBATES: Congressional Globe, 36 Cong. 2 sess. (186061), passim, especially 624 (Winslow), 721 (Slidell), 134 (Lane), 13, 72 (Wigfall), 1467 (Breckinridge), 943 (De Jarnette). — DOCUMENTS: Eighth Census of the United States (1860), volume " Population"; Tenth Census of the United States (1880), Compendium, I, 4, 333; Senate Exec. Docs., 36 Cong. 2 sess. II (Army in 1860), III (Navy in 1860), VIII (importation by districts); 37 Cong. I sess. Nos. 1, 19, 85 (Secretary of War, July 1, 1861), No. 2 (Secretary of the Treasury); House Exec. Docs., 36 Cong. 2 sess. II (finances in 1860), IX, No. 53 (militia), X, No. 77 (banks); 37 Cong. I sess. No. 1 (treasury), No. 14 (Indians and Negroes); Senate Reports, 37 Cong. 2 sess. No. 2 (militia); House Reports, 37 Cong. I sess. No. 1 (volunteers); American Annual Cyclopædia, 1861, passim, especially 26 (Army), 490 (Navy), 1863, pp. 268, 361 (draft). CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: W. T. Sherman, Memoirs, II, Ch. xxv; F. L. Olmsted, Cotton Kingdom (or Seaboard Slave States, and Back Country, and Texas Journey); H. R. Helper, The Impending Crisis; G. M. Weston, Progress of Slavery in the United States; "Barbarossa," The Lost Principle (slave-trade); Augustin Cochin, Results of Slavery.

Bibliography.-J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, III, 737; E. C. Lunt, Key to the Publications of the United States Census (American Statistical Association, Publications, New Series, Nos. 2, 3); Gordy and Twitchell, Pathfinder, Pt. ii, p. 164; J. R. Bartlett, Literature of the Rebellion.

$ 205. Theory of Secession.

Summary. - Status of the states before 1789 (§§ 137, 142, 143, 149). — Ratifications of the Constitution (§§ 155, 156). — Threats of secession : 1795, Connecticut Courant; 1798, Virginia and Kentucky (§ 165); 1803, 1811, 1814, New England (§ 173); 1832, sentiment in South Carolina (§ 183); 1850, threats in the Compromise Debate (§ 197); 1856, meeting of the governors at Raleigh; 1860, threats in the presidential election (§ 203). – Enunciations of secession: 1798–99, Virginia and Kentucky doctrine (§ 165); 1803, Tucker's Blackstone; 1811, January 14, Josiah Quincy's speech; 1832, South Carolina resolutions (§ 183); 1850, Calhoun's speech (§ 197); 1845, William Lloyd Garrison's doctrine (§ 187); 1860, May 24, Jefferson Davis's resolutions.— Status of the doctrine in 1860: question of constitutionality; question of expediency; question of probable effectiveness; legal effect of ordinances of secession (§ 206).

General. BRIEF LEGAL DISCUSSION'S (chiefly adverse): T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Law, Ch. ii, and Story's Commentaries, II, $$ 915-922; Joseph Story, Commentaries, §§ 178, 207-215, 311-322, 467-481; R. H: Dana, Wheaton's International Law, note 32; J. N. Pomeroy, Constitutional Law, §§ 25-42, 120a; George S. Boutwell, Constitution of the United States, §§ 58-71; Francis Wharton, Commentaries, 374n, 594n; J. I. C. Hare, American Constitutional Law, Index, under title "State Rights"; John Ordronaux, Constitutional Legislation, 84-91, III-175, 210; Bump, Notes on Constitutional Decisions, 327-333; Joel Tiffany, Treatise on Government, §§ 41-65; C. G. Tiedeman, Unwritten Constitution of the United States, Ch. ix; John King, Commentaries on the Constitution, Ch. xii ; Timothy Farrar, Manual of the Constitution, 64, 71, 111, 186, 386, 503; W. O. Bateman, Political and Constitutional Law, $$ 54, 90, 138-146; Timothy Walker, Introduction to American Law, 67-77. BRIEF NARRATIVE DISCUSSIONS: John C. Ropes, Story of the Civil War, I, 12-16; J. W. Draper, American Civil War, I, Chs. xxvii, xxviii; L. G. Tyler, Letters and Times of the Tylers, II, Ch. xix; H. C. Fletcher, History of the American War, I, Ch. i; Comte de Paris, History of the Civil War, I, 113-116; Alexander Johnston, in Lalor's Cyclopædia, I, 61, III, 693-702, 788-800, and in his American Orations, III, 49-67; N. S. Shaler, Kentucky; S. S. Cox, Three Decades, Ch. vi; Charles Ingersoll, Fears for Democracy, Ch. viii.

§ 206.]

Theory of Secession.

405

Special. THE DOCTRINE DEFENDED: Jefferson Davis, Confederate Government, I, Pt. i, especially 70-77, 157–168, 185–192; Alexander H. Stephens, War between the States, I, 17-49, 408-418, 441-452; 459539, II, 5-15, 26-34, 261-271; W. W. Handlin, American Politics, Causes of the Civil War (New Orleans, 1864); C. S. Farrar, The War, Its Causes and Consequences; Abel P. Upshur, Brief Enquiry into the Nature of the Federal Government; E. A. Pollard, Lost Cause, Ch. i; A. T. Bledsoe, Is Davis a Traitor?; J. W. Du Bose, Life of Yancey, Chs. viii-xxi. ADVERSE TO THE DOCTRINE: John C. Hurd, Theory of Our National Existence, and The Union-State; William Whiting, War Powers under the Constitution; T. S. Goodwin, Natural History of Secession; Henry Baldwin, General View of the Constitution; C. S. Patterson, The United States and the States, Chs. i, xii; J. M. Cutts, Brief Treatise (Douglas's views); J. Parker, Constitutional Law; C. W. Loring, Nullification, Secession; S. G. Fisher, Trial of the Constitution.

Sources. - DEBATES: Congressional Globe, 36 Cong. 2 sess.; 37 Cong. I sess., 2 sess. (especially debate on Davis resolutions, January, May, 1860). DOCUMENTS. — Ordinances of Secession and accompanying documents (see § 206). — Lincoln's inaugural address and message of July 4, 1861, in Abraham Lincoln, Complete Works, II, 1-7, 55, 56; Congressional Globe; Senate Exec. Docs., 37 Cong. 2 sess. No. 1 ; American History Leaflets, No. 18. - Select speeches, in Johnston, American Orations, II, 46–125; III, 49–124. — Buchanan's doctrine: his message of December 3, 1861, in Congressional Globe, 36 Cong. 2 sess.; Mr. Buchanan's Administration. - Southern Documents: Southern His

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torical Society, Papers, I, 1, VI, 54, 190, X, 433. - SUPREME COURT CASES: Texas vs. White, 7 Wallace, 700, J. B. Thayer, Cases, 302; White vs. Hart, 13 Wallace, 646, J. B. Thayer, Cases, 259; Keith vs. Clark, 92 United States, 461; Sprott vs. United States, 20 Wallace, 419.

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Bibliography. — Robert Desty, Federal Constitution, 116, 117, 273; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 62; III, 788; Albert B. Hart, Revised Suggestions, § 66.

§ 206. Process of Secession, 1860-1861.

Summary. Previous threats (see § 205). Causes of secession: conventional views; ambition; desire for independence; political supremacy; self-government; slavery. - Grievances of the South general discontent; unfriendliness; wrong interpretation of the Constitution; political apprehension; opposition to

slavery. — Movement in South Carolina: 1860, October 5, Governor Gist's letter; November 5, legislature called; November 6, election day; November 7, resignation of Federal officials; November 12, act for calling a convention; December 17–20, Secession Convention; December 20, Secession Ordinance ; December 24, accompanying papers; effect on the Union.The other cotton states: movement for secession; November 14, Stephens's Union speech; 1861, January 5, resolutions of secession congressmen; January 9, Mississippi secedes; January 10, Florida secedes; January 10, Alabama secedes; January 11, Georgia secedes; January 26, Louisiana secedes; January 28, Texas secedes. — February 4–18, Southern Confederacy formed ($ 209).

General.—John T. Morse, Abraham Lincoln, I, Ch.vii; Horace Greeley, American Conflict, I, Chs. xxii, xxvi; George Lunt, Origin of the Late War, Chs. xvi, xvii; S. H. Gay, Bryant's Popular History, IV, 437-444; James Schouler, History, V, 469-491; J. N. Larned, History for Ready Reference, V, 3405-3416; E. A. Pollard, Lost Cause, Chs. ii-v; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopædia, I, 296; American Annual Cyclopædia, 1861, 696– 708; S. S. Cox, Three Decades, Ch. vi; A. C. McLaughlin, Lewis Cass, Ch. x; James Spence, American Union, Chs. iii, v, vi; Montague Bernard, Neutrality of Great Britain, 40–53; J. E. Cairnes, Slave Power, 17-32, 128-132; Henry Wilson, Slave Power, III, Ch. i.

Special. NORTHERN VIEW: J. F. Rhodes, History, III, Chs. xiii, xiv; H. Von Holst, Constitutional History, VII, Chs. vii, viii; John C. Ropes, Story of the Civil War, I, Chs. ii-iv; Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, II, Chs. xvii-xxv, III, Chs. i, iii-xiii; J. W. Draper, History of the Civil War, I, Chs. xxxi, xxxiii; Henry Wilson, Slave Power, II, Ch. li, III, Chs. i, ix-xli; James G. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, I, Ch. xi; James Russell Lowell, Political Essays, 45-74, 118–152; Century Co., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, I, 26–49, 99-110. SOUTHERN VIEW: Jefferson Davis, Confederate Government, I, 57-85, 199–226; Mrs. Davis, Jefferson Davis, I, Ch. xlv; II, Ch. i; George T. Curtis, Life of James Buchanan, Chs. xiii-xx; A. H. Stephens, War between the States, I, Colloquies xi, xii, II, Colloquies xix, xxi; E. A. Pollard, Lost Cause, Ch. v; H. A. Wise, Seven Decades, Ch. xiv; Horatio King, Turning on the Light; Robert Toombs, in A. H. Stephens's War between the States, II, 109-130; Alfred Roman, Military Operations of General Beauregard, I, Chs. i, ii; A. L. Long,