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Essays and Observations, Physical and Literary, published at Edinburgh, in 1756, Dr. Cullen has a paper Of the Cold produced by Evaporating Fluids, and of some other means of Producing Cold. This was also printed along with Dr. Black's Experiments upon Magnesia Alba, Quick Lime, and other Alcaline Substances, and was written when he was Professor of Medicine in the University of Glasgow. His work on Nosology, one of the most popular performances of Cullen, appeared first in 1769, and has gone through many editions. The edition of 1785 is the last with the author's corrections. Its title sufficiently denotes its object and contents: Synopsis Nosologia Methodica, exhibens clariss. Virorum Sauvagesii, Linnæi, Vogelii, Sagari, et Macbridii Systemata Nosologica: edidit, suumque proprium Systema Nosologicum adjecit Guil. Cullen, &c. Many abridgments of thiswork have been printed. His Clinical Lectures delivered in the years 1765-66 were also printed in 1797, and again by Dr. Thomson in 1814.

These constitute the printed works of Dr. Cullen. He was as anxious to maintain the dignity of the profession, as he was to advance its improvements. He was very desirous to prohibit the conferring of a degree on any one who had not gone through the regular course of study. He drew up a memorial upon the subject, which, at the desire of the Duke of Buccleugh, was submitted to the consideration of Dr. Adam Smith, who had travelled with his grace, had paid much attention to the subject of education, and had endeavoured to apply the principles inculcated in regard to trade and commerce in his work on the "Wealth of Nations." The doctor's answer is lively and ingenious, and he endeavours to palliate some of the practices complained of. The duke was unwilling to enlist the government in the affair, and the Scotch universities were left to remedy the abuses of their own institutions.

Dr. Cullen is a remarkable instance of the success attending great intellectual activity. His birth was, though respectable, yet at best but humble, and the eminence he reached was in a department in which there were many distinguished competitors. The equanimity of his temper qualified him for the exercise of his profession, and particularly for submission to the drudgery of teaching. This appears to have been his forte :-his patience was inexhaustible, and his readiness to assist all who were ambitious of acquiring information seems to have kept pace with the degree of emulation possessed by the student. His conduct towards his pupils much endeared him to them. Dr. Aikin, one of these, says, "He was cordially attentive to all their interests; admitted them freely to his house; conversed with them on the most familiar terms; solved their doubts and

difficulties; gave them the use of his library; and, in every respect, treated them with the affection of a friend and the regard of a parent. It is impossible for those who personally knew him in this relation, ever to forget the ardour of attachment which he inspired." Many other pupils have borne ample testimony to his extraordinary zeal, assiduity, and kindness. He was not distinguished by any remarkable genius, nor was he checked in his course by the restraints which a higher classical education might probably have imposed upon him. He had, however, a genius for observation, and above all a great regard for truth-qualities highly important in the character of a physician, and leading to the very best purposes. The imagination was not permitted to interfere with the sober dictates of the judgment, and no man can be said to have ever attained a higher position in the medical world in modern times than did Dr. William Cullen. The vigour of his mind, and the energy of his character, chastened by high moral qualities, and regulated by the most amiable temper, manifest themselves throughout the whole of his career, from his commencement as a lecturer at Glasgow, to the obtaining of the highest professional dignity at the University of Edinburgh. No other man has ever been able to number among his pupils so many distinguished characters.

Cullen's mind has been designated as "essentially philosophic." Acute in observation, he had also the power of arranging and generalizing his facts-they were always made subsidiary to a grand purpose-his chief aim and object-the elucidation of disease. All his physiological researches tend to this end, and nothing can exceed the patience of his investigation, or the accuracy of his observations-his philosophy was preeminently inductive.

There are two portraits of Cullen. One was painted by Cochrane at the request of the students, and engraved by Valentine Green; though of this engraving Dr. Thomson appears to be ignorant. The other was painted by Martin, in 1777, for the Medical Society, and engraved by Beugo. From this picture, representing him as in the delivery of a lecture, the portrait accompanying this memoir has been taken. In his person he is described as being, tall and stooping much-his countenance expressive— his eye keen and lively. His titles may be thus enumerated:-Professor of the practice of physic in the University of Edinburgh; first physician to his Majesty for Scotland; fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh; of the Royal Societies of London and of Edinburgh; of the Royal Society of Medicine of Paris; of the Royal College of Physicians of Madrid; of the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia; of the Medical Society of Copenhagen; of the Medical Society of Dublin;

of the Royal Medical, and of the Royal Physico-medical, Societies of Edinburgh.

Dr. Cullen retained the professorship of medicine until 1789, when he resigned the chair, and Dr. James Gregory was appointed his successor. The lord provost, magistrates, and town council of Edinburgh, presented him, in the name of the community, with an elegant piece of plate, on which was the following inscription :

GULIELMO CULLEN, M.D.

Medico Regio apud Scotos Primario,
Plurimisque aliis Titulis claro,
Multiplicis Disciplinæ Medica
Professori Meritissimo,

Per totam terrarum orbem celeberrimo,
Scholæ Medicæ in Academia Edinburgensi
Per Annos XXXIII. Decori et Columni,
Hanc Pateram,

Ut suæ erga illum jam emeritum existimationis
Aliquid superesset Monumenti,

Civitas Edinburgena Grata

Donavit. M.DCC.XC.

A general meeting of the pupils was also held in the hall of the Medical Society, and it was unanimously resolved to enter into a subscription for erecting some permanent monument of grateful respect to his memory in the New College. It consisted of a marble bust, executed by Gowans. Addresses were presented to him from the Senatus Academicus of the university, from the Royal Medical Society, the Royal Physical Society, the American Physical Society, &c.

He died February 5, 1790, in the seventy-eighth year of his age. The Annual Register for 1790 asserts, that he did not leave property sufficient to support his daughters, and that this was supposed to have been occasioned by some mistaken notions he entertained on the subject of farming.

CIETY

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