roads and protected industries, especially steel, in spite of the Quakers and the "Dutch." Tammany Hall "pales its uneffectual fire" in comparison. But the heart of the people is sound, and some day Pennsylvania will be itself again.

The Scotch-Irish element in its population accounts for much. The Quakers not only would not fight, but were opposed to higher education and gave themselves to money making. The Quakers produced William Penn, Benjamin West the painter, Whittier, Bayard Taylor, Generals Greene and Mifflin, and John Dickinson the patriot. But they have left no mark commensurate with their numbers and high character. Practically they disappeared from public life and influence after the Revolution and they lost control even of Philadelphia. They are passing as a separate people, but their influence and ideas are still potent in America.

Of the Germans in Pennsylvania not so much can be said. Even Pennsylvanians themselves differ as to whether the Germans have been beneficial to the highest interests of the state. They have had a great influence because of their number, being variously estimated as comprising from one-third to one-half of the population of the state. In 1790 they were about onethird. They have not intermarried freely with other elements and they have retained their old customs and to a large extent their old language. However, although phlegmatic, they are steady and have always supported law and order and the national government. They help American institutions by their conservatism and staying qualities.

Pennsylvania can be relied upon.

CHAPTER VIII

THE SCOTCH-IRISH

ONE of the great lessons of history is that a composite race, fused from strong and fairly homogeneous elements, is apt to make a remarkable record. The amalgamation of the early Romans with the Samnites and other adjacent tribes produced a type, rude, to be sure, and rustic and unlettered, but warlike, frugal, hardy, and just. They conquered and governed the civilized world. In England the fusion of the Anglo-Saxon and Norman produced the modern Englishman, who again rules a large part of the world. The English at an early day planted themselves in Ireland and intermarried with the Irish and produced such statesmen as Burke, such soldiers as Wellington, such writers as Sheridan. The Americans of 1776 were in large part a composite.

One of the elements of this composite American was a certain mixed race, small in numbers but great in force of character and in qualities that count much in the world - the Scotch-Irish. The Scotch claim that the Scotch-Irish are Scotch; the Irish that they are Irish. This is a tribute in itself. There can be little doubt that they contain a substantial strain of Irish blood. Their very qualities show it; the persistence, wariness, calm, and courage of the Scot; the pugnacity, aggression, quickness, and temerity of the Irish. Well diluted the Irish strain was admirably suited to supplement the Scot. The dash of bitters did no harm. Roosevelt admired the Scotch-Irish, but he says they "were a truculent and obstinate people." Certainly some of their characteristics as shown in Kentucky, and Tennessee had an Irish tinge and tang. The Quakers of Pennsylvania

petitioned against their immigration and said they were a "pernicious and pugnacious people . . who absolutely want to control the province themselves." 1 Some writers state that the Scotch-Irish molded the dominant type of Westerner. That was true in Kentucky and Tennessee and Southern Ohio,2 but as to the Northern states and the Northwest generally the ScotchIrish cut little figure as compared with New England and New York. Henry Cabot Lodge said that of 14,243 eminent Americans prior to 1789 in Appleton's "Encyclopedia of American Biography," 10,376 were English; 1439 Scotch-Irish; 659 German; 589 Huguenot; 436 Dutch, and the rest scattering.

The historic origin of the Scotch-Irish is not very clear. Several centuries before the Christian era most of Ireland was conquered by the "Scotti." They apparently came as a part of the great horde of Celts from Scythia, northeast of the Black Sea a wild race that defeated Darius in 512 B.C. and was defeated and dispersed by Philip of Macedon in 339 B.C. The Irish were sometimes called "Milesians" from a chieftain named Miled, the Latin translation of which was Milesia. Ireland was known as "Scotia," and that name continued until the end of the twelfth century of the modern era when that name was dropped in Ireland and was applied to modern Scotland. Prior to that time Scotland had been called Caledonia, the Roman name. In the fourth century these Irish "Scotti" conquered Ulster in the north of Ireland. Later in the beginning of the sixth century they overran and established themselves in the western part of Scotland, especially Argyll. As the "Encyclopædia Britannica " says: "The Scots from Ireland also now come into view, the name of Scotland being derived from that of a people really Irish in origin, who spoke a Gaelic akin to that of the Caledonians." A thousand years later in the sixteenth century some of the descendants of these invaders of southwestern Scotland returned and in large part repeopled Ulster. In fact, Froude says that the Scotch had been going into Antrim

and Down in Ireland for three centuries before 1640. Meantime in the beginning of the ninth century the Normans had overrun Ireland, including Ulster, and stayed there for three hundred years. Meantime also in 1170 the Anglo-Normans under Strongbow of Wales and Henry II of England began the conquest of Ireland, but apparently Ulster was only nominally subjected, and by the end of the fifteenth century Ulster became practically Irish. Early in the sixteenth century a steady migration of Scotch into Ulster took place. Under James I after the "flight of the earls" the whole of northern Ulster was seized by the English government and was parceled out among Scottish and English settlers, portions being reserved to the natives. Derry was given to London and it was renamed Londonderry. Six counties were confiscated, being about two million acres. About one and a half millions of this, consisting of bog, forest, and mountain, were restored. The other half million acres, being all of the desirable land, were settled with Scotch and English Protestants. Froude says half were English, but Froude is not always accurate, and the weight of authority is that most of them were Scotch. The Scots from Argyll probably formed a part of the new settlers, although they were forbidden to come. The sea separating Scotland from Ireland is at one point only thirteen and a half miles wide, a short run in a fair wind, although that part of the sea was full of pirates, which deterred many English from going. About 11% of the half million acres were allotted to native Irishman as "Undertakers," i.e. promoters. It was at first intended to remove all of the native Irish from these confiscated lands but that was impracticable and so they remained as tenants and laborers. There was more or less intermarriage although the religions were different, and the law severely forbade it, and the social relations were antagonistic. But, on the other hand, the Irish have great absorbing power, as shown by their transformation of the English who settled in Ireland in the twelfth century, and who are said to have become

more Irish than the Irish themselves. Intermarriage to some extent took place during the hundred years between the settlement of Ulster and the time when Scots began emigrating to America. Moreover, the Irish and the southwestern Scots were both of Celtic origin and had a common background.

From all this it will be seen that the early colonization of Argyll and southwestern Scotland by the Irish "Scotti" in the fourth century, and the return colonization from Argyll in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and the intermarriage after James I show an Irish element in the Scotch-Irish blood. It is to be borne in mind also that after Cromwell with the sword of Gideon in 1649 put down with ruthless hand the Irish Rebellion of 1641 some of his soldiers settled in Ulster, and he intended to colonize all Ireland but was quite busy otherwise and Ireland fell back into the old ways. After the death of Cromwell persecution took the place of conquest and in less than sixty years thereafter the exodus to America began.

Fiske says, "Who were the people called by this rather awkward compound name, Scotch-Irish? The answer carries us back to the year 1611, when James I began peopling Ulster with colonists from Scotland and the north of England. The plan was to put into Ireland a Protestant population that might ultimately outnumber the Catholics and become the controlling element in the country. The settlers were picked men and women of the most excellent sort. By the middle of the seventeenth century there were 300,000 of them in Ulster. That province had been the most neglected part of the island, a wilderness of bogs and fens; they transformed it into a garden. They also established manufactures of woolens and linens which have ever since been famous throughout the world. By the beginning of the eighteenth century their numbers had risen to nearly a million. Their social position was not that of peasants; they were intelligent yeomanry and artisans."1 Fiske also points out that only three generations after they went to Ulster