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landers came to increase the Scotch blood in the nation... Scotch Highlanders came to the Mohawk, where they followed Sir William Johnson and became Tory raiders in the Revolution." But as to the pure Scotch, Patrick Henry was of pure Scotch descent and he led the way in Virginia to the Revolution, and Andrew Hamilton, the Scotch Philadelphia lawyer, was called to New York, to defend the liberty of the press. Professor MacDonald says, "To North Carolina the Scottish Celts came by the thousands in the hard days that followed the last Rising of the clansmen for the Stuarts, and their defeat, under Prince Charles Edward, on Culloden Moor, in 1746. Those Scottish Highlanders brought with them to America, and preserved for their children in the new world, the Gaelic language and the traditions of Celtic life, its blood-virtues and its romantic loyalties, and they poured into the veins of America, into its religious, educational, and political thinking, something of the characteristic qualities of the Celts of history." In the nineteenth century the pure Scotch went to Canada, especially Ontario, rather than the United States. There they found descendants of Tories who had been driven out of the United States after the Revolutionary War.

These Scotch-Irish are a vigorous, energetic race. They are not profound but have a tremendous will power. It would be a long list to name all of them who have been prominent in American history. Jackson was a Scotch-Irishman, born in North Carolina, and he certainly was fitted for the Indian War, New Orleans, and the Calhoun conspiracy to disrupt the Union. Jackson declared he would treat nullification as treason, rebellion, and war, and he was a man of his word. Strangely enough Calhoun himself was a Scotch-Irishman. Polk was ScotchIrish and under him the United States acquired California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and part of Colorado. Buchanan was a Scotch-Irishman but had few Scotch-Irish characteristics. Professor Van Dyke of Princeton says, "Of

the men elected to the presidency of the United States there has been only one whose ancestors did not belong to America before the Revolution - James Buchanan, whose father was a Scotch-Irish preacher who came to the new world in 1783. All but four of the Presidents of the United States could trace their line back to Americans of the seventeenth century." If Buchanan had been the same kind of Scotch-Irishman as Jackson, he would have done as the latter did in 1833, when Jackson wrathfully prepared to meet force by force in the threatened rebellion of South Carolina, and so put an end to it. Buchanan did nothing, and so doubtful state after doubtful state prepared to rebel. Grant was half Scotch-Irish, half Scotch, and his pugnacity and pertinacity showed that he was both. He did what Buchanan left undone. The Scotch-Irish made a deep impression in Southern Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, and this sterling stock is still found there. They have the diplomatic suavity of Ireland and the self-reliance of Scotland.

Professor Heron of The Assembly's College, Belfast, Ireland, summarized the characteristics of the "Ulster Scots" as follows: "An economy and even parsimony of words, which does not always betoken a poverty of ideas; an insuperable dislike to wear his heart upon his sleeve, or make a display of the deeper and more tender feelings of his nature; a quiet and undemonstrative deportment which may have great firmness and determination behind it; a dour exterior which may cover a really genial disposition and kindly heart; much caution, wariness, and reserve, but a decision, energy of character, and tenacity of purpose, which, as in the case of Enoch Arden, 'hold his will and bear it through'; a very decided practical faculty which has an eye on the main chance, but which may co-exist with a deep-lying fund of sentiment; a capacity for hard work and close application to business, which, with thrift and patient persistence, is apt to bear fruit in considerable success; in short, a reserve of strength, self-reliance, courage, and endurance which, when an emergency

demands (as behind the Walls of Derry), may surprise the world." 1

There is no need of asking where men of Scotch-Irish blood will stand in the future of the American Constitution and American institutions. They will be ready to argue, act, and fight if necessary. Hail to them!

CHAPTER IX

THE DUTCH

A PHLEGMATIC race, but honest, persistent, decent, and thrifty, the successful rulers of some forty-seven millions in the East Indies having less than two hundred thousand Europeans, they have had a deep influence in America, and their sturdy worth is still felt in New York City, New York State, and on farther west. During their ownership of New York City (New Amsterdam) and the Hudson Valley from the time of Henry Hudson's discovery of the Hudson River in 1608 to the conquest by the English in 1664, the Dutch ruled and misruled through their West India Company, chartered by the states-general in 1621. Furs and not principles dominated. Defenses were neglected, and when New Amsterdam fell in 1664, it fell easily without a battle, notwithstanding old Peter Stuyvesant, the doughty Governor, who wanted to fight in spite of the sight of his one wooden leg. But the Dutch stock with its sterling qualities remained in New York and continued to buy furs and land and thriftily increase in wealth, population, and influence. It intermarried with the English. For instance, Clinton of English descent married a De Witt of Dutch stock. Their son, De Witt Clinton, dug the Erie Canal and was several times Governor of the State. Robert Livingston, the Scotch founder of the American family of that name, married the sister of Philip Schuyler, of the distinguished Dutch family.

In the Revolution "On Long Island, the people of Kings and Queens counties, of Dutch descent, were Tories almost to a Manhattan Island also was a hotbed of Toryism, although they were far from being all Dutch, and the Dutch were

man." 1

far from being all Tories. General Schuyler, one of the military and civil heroes of the Revolution, was of Dutch stock, as mentioned above.

In the very beginning the Dutch West India Company originated the "patroon" system, feudal in its nature. Under this system individuals were granted land along the Hudson, each grant to be sixteen miles long on one side of the river or eight miles on both sides, and as far inland as was occupied, each to have at least fifty adult colonizers. They were called "patroons" and were practically barons, with special trade privileges, the right to make laws, hold leet courts, and send representatives to the legislature. Van Rensselaer, a "patroon," owned a tract of land twenty-five miles long and fortyeight broad, embracing practically all of the present counties of Albany and Rensselaer. At one time Rensselaerswyck embraced over seven hundred thousand acres. That family claimed patroon rights as late as 1840. For a long time the province of New York was handicapped by this monopoly of land. The people wanted the title and not the mere tenancy of land. Meantime the western part of New York province was monopolized by the "Six Nations" of Iroquois, until General Sullivan demolished them in the Revolutionary War. They had taken the English side.

Even after the English conquered New York from the Dutch the patroons dominated the social and largely the political life of New York City and province and state. Henry Cabot Lodge says, "From the mouth of the Hudson to Albany, and far up the Mohawk Valley, were scattered the settlements of the Dutch, who were the prevailing race among the farmers. . . . .. After the conquest the Dutch clung still closer to their land, refused to sell to the English, kept their large estates, and obliged the intruders to remain in the southern part of the province, and engage in trade rather than agriculture. This vigorous prejudice and strong spirit of exclusiveness gave to the country life of New