said: "The religion of that man is pure, who works and does not think of rewards in a future state."

The violent military element became a portion of the doctrine under one of the later successors of Nanak, ind Singh, who adored the Supreme Being as "All-Steel," Sword-God." Almost like one of the ancient Germans, rged his disciples to wear garments of variegated blue, hair, a full beard, and to dedicate themselves to the ble Durga, so like our Walkyres. In short, he made ough votaries of Mars of the Sikhs, like the Suabians of the Ziuwari or servants of Zius, who therefore named capital, the Augsburg of the present day, Ziesburg. God of Govind Singh was a deity, who caused iron to , and did not wish to have slaves.

What we have learnt from Dr. Leitner regarding the Sikh System of Education must gain doubly in interest, if we give a moment's thought to these comparatively recent times in Indian History. It is not possible, of course, within our limited space, even to give a slight account of the contents of the Doctor's volume. We therefore conclude, hoping that successors may soon be found to do for other portions of the mighty Indian Empire what he has done for the North-West. In time the results of such investigations must become known in wide circles in England, and this will lead the van in the introduction of many necessary reforms in the Government of India.'

ERAL MITRE, in opposition to the conclusion of all preinvestigators, has written a treatise, in the "Nueva sta de Buenos Ayres," to show that the Quichua drama of atay is purely and exclusively of Spanish origin. His ments and assertions are not convincing.

e first is that the Quichua drama resembles the plays capa y espada" of Lope de Vega and Calderon; because contain a king, a gallant, a lady, a traitor, a witty But the plays int, etc. "de capa y espada" never do in a king, and there is no such close resemblance as to est the one having been imitated from the other. The medias de capa y espada" excluded royal personages, and ys had an underplot formed out of the intrigues or loves rvants or inferiors. The drama of Ollantay is of a hisal character, and has no such underplot. The Quichua has quite as many points of accidental resemblance to du dramas, such as Sakuntala. But in reality it differs atially from the dramas of all other countries. This is the case as regards two other Quichua dramas in my ession, which are written in imitation of the "Autos ramentales" of Lope de Vega and Calderon, with their Entremeses, and Autos. These two Quichua dramas of nish times differ entirely from the ancient and indigenous ma of Ollantay.

Es next point is that sentiments of pride of caste, conjudelity, filial love, humanity to the conquered, and gly magnanimity abound in the Drama; and that such diments are proper to European civilization, but contrary all that is known of Quichuan social life. Surely he not have studied the records of Ynca history with very se attention. Pride of caste is a marked feature in the tory of the dynasty. The most touching stories of conjugal lity and filial love are told by Balboa and other writers temporary with the Spanish conquest. Humanity and gnanimity to the conquered are inculcated, with incessant teration, throughout the annals of the Yncas.

In the drama there is the record of a rebellion which neral Mitre considers to be repugnant to the absolute rule the early Yncas, while he thinks it may be a direct Insion to the rebellion of Condorcanqui (Tupac Amaru) in 80. The General will find records of successful rebellions Cieza de Leon, and sometimes, as in the case of Yupanqui, ho deposed the Ynca Urco, rebellion is applauded. The et that one copy of Ollantay has the date of 1730 disposes the General's conjecture that the rebellion of Ollantay was mceived in allusion to that of Condorcanqui in 1780. General Mitre throws doubt on the existence of any ramatic compositions among the Yncas, in opposition to the istinct evidence of Garcilasso, and several other early writers. heza de Leon, in Chapter xi. of his second part, speaks of he recitations on great occasions. Salcamayhua gives the tames of three distinct classes of dramatic compositions which were performed before the Yncas, and the anonymous writer whose "Relacion" was printed at Madrid in 1879, mentions the performance both of comic and tragic pieces. Their evidence is confirmed by the judicial sentence of Areche at Cuzco in 1781, in which the representation of dramas in memory of the Yncas was prohibited. This establishes the fact that, down to 1781, such compositions did exist and were handed down from generation to generation.

After these general criticisms, General Mitre proceeds to offer internal evidence of the Spanish origin of the drama. I. His first point is the occurrence of an allusion to death with his scythe, which he maintains is a purely European idea. The words are "6 huañuy ychunantin" in the corrupt modern

Quichua. I took this line from the Von Tschudi version by a mistake, so that it occurs in my printed edition. But on reference to the Rosas text, I find that no such words occur. The line there has a totally different meaning. This objection, therefore, entirely falls to the ground.

II. The High Priest squeezes water from a flower, and the astonished Ollantay exclaims that it would be as easy to squeeze it out of a stone. Here Mitre suggests an allusion to Moses and the rock. The modern copies of the play have ccacca a rock; but the Rosas version has tica and it is a play upon the words, ttica being a flower, and tica a brick. The General is unfortunate, for there is no more thoroughly Quichua passage in the whole play.

III. Mitre objects that a domestic cat (misi) is mentioned in the play, which would be fatal to its antiquity. But a cat is not mentioned in the earlier text. The word is atoc, a fox, and the context shows that this is the right word. So also the word asnata (donkey), which occurs in some copies, is atoc in the original text.

IV. The allusion to an owl on the roof as a warning of death is not, as General Mitre suggests, an anachronism. Indeed it is alluded to as an old Quichua superstition by the Council of Lima, in 1583.

V. The critic next finds a fanciful resemblance between the description of the Quichuan heroine and the Song of Solomon. The only resemblance is that both describe personal beauty by comparison with the beauties of nature, but this is common to all poetry whatever. The Hebrew and Quichua comparisons differ entirely. The former liken the whiteness of skin to ivory or marble, the latter to snow or ice. The suggestion that the speech of Ollantay to the Ynca is taken from that of the Cid Campeador in the Spanish play, is equally fanciful and baseless.

VI. Mitre further maintains that the interjection "Ay!" used 15 times in Ollantay, is a clear proof of its Spanish paternity; for that Ay is Spanish and not Quichua. On reference to the manuscript text I see that the interjections are "Anay" and 'Nay, which are pure Quichua. I confess that, by an oversight, they are printed "Ay" in my edition. Another point raised by General Mitre is the supposed absence of the name Ollantay in any work near the time of the Spanish Conquest. He is wrong. For example Molina, writing in the year 1580, twice mentions the name Ollantay; with reference to the great unfinished buildings which are attributed to Ollantay in the drama, and the name also occurs in the "Relacion" of Salcamayhua. These are further and very striking proofs of the antiquity of the tradition.

The metre of Ollantay is octo-syllabic, and this is a favourite Spanish metre, while the specimen of an ancient Quichua song given in Garcilasso from Blas Valera, is printed in lines of four syllables; consequently General Mitre comes to the conclusion that the drama is of Spanish origin. But the ancient song in question, though printed in lines of four syllables, is really octo-syllabic, two printed lines forming one in the metre. This proves that the octo-syllabic lines of Ollantay were in use in Quichua before the arrival of the Spaniards. These eight syllable lines are indeed composed with great facility in several languages, and the use of that metre does not necessarily indicate a Spanish origin.

The chief argument in favour of the antiquity of Ollantay is the purity of the text, and the number of archaic forms which occur in it, and which do not occur in other Quichua dramas containing internal evidence of Spanish origin. General Mitre allows that he is incompetent to discuss this,

The

saying that Dr. von Tschudi and I are equally incompetent, and that our studies have not been very profound. This assertion, although it may be mortifying to students who have devoted many years and much attention to the subject, proves nothing. Personalities are not arguments. The purity and antiquity of the text is the true test. frequent occurrence of archaic and long disused forms, such as the genitive in cc or cca instead of p and pa, is a proof of antiquity. General Mitre suggests that a Spanish writer, such as Dr. Valdez the reputed author in 1780, could have restored the antique form of the drama. Whether he could or not is beside the question, for it is tolerably certain that he would not. If he was writing for hearers in 1780, he

would certainly have written in language to which they were accustomed.

I have now met and refuted the main points raised by General Mitre; and shown that his arguments do not shake the reasons for believing that Ollantay is an ancient Quichua drama. At the same time I quite believe that Dr. Valdes may have arranged it for acting, and that he or another may have added or altered some passages. This does not, however, militate against the antiquity of the songs and dialogues and of the composition as a whole, nor take away from its historical interest. CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, May, 1883.

THE ALPHABET.-The study of the science of language possesses a peculiar interest from the close connection between the development of language and the growth and progress of human society. There is one division of the science, viz. Palæography, which is particularly connected with this progress; it has a large literature, and much of it of a speculative character, which recent discoveries have to a great extent modified. When we consider that there are probably twenty thousand Greek inscriptions known at the present time, whilst the "Inscriptiones Græcæ Vetustissima," published in 1825, contained less than one hundred, and the "Corpus Inscriptionum Græcarum," in 1856, contained upwards of ten thousand, we see at once the immense strides that have been made in this branch of study. In 1876 the Rev. Isaac Taylor announced for publication a work on the alphabet and the origin and development of letters, and as he knew the literature of the subject was voluminous, he supposed that he would have very little trouble in producing his book; but he found the task not so easy as he supposed it would be, and the investigations it was requisite he should make for himself were so numerous that he has only just been able to publish the book he announced so long ago (Kegan Paul, Trench, & Co., 2 vols., 1883). There is one feature in these volumes which will be of immense value to the student of the subject, and that is the tables of alphabets, which show at a glance modifications that it would take chapters to explain without them. Mr. Taylor takes the five great systems of picture-writing, the Egyptian, the Cuneiform, the Chinese, the Mexican, and the Hittite; and from these he traces the evolution of the alphabet, in the endeavour to find signs to represent articulate sounds. Although, as we said before, there exists a large literature on this subject, and many specialists have written on certain letters, to Mr. Taylor will belong the credit of having written the first full history of the alphabet.

INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS.

- The Sixth International Congress of Orientalists met at Leyden in Holland, from the 10th to the 15th of September. The subscription for members, 6 florins (Dutch currency), is payable to Dr. Pleyte, Leyden, Holland.

THE LATE DR. BURNELL AND ORIENTAL RESEARCH.— On the application of the Government of Madras, the Government of India have sanctioned the payment of 5,000 Rupees to the estate of the late Dr. Burnell, of the Madras Civil Service, as compensation for expenditure incurred by him in prosecuting Oriental researches. The money is to be paid to Dr. Burnell's executors in London.

THE LATE PROFESSOR DORN.-A very complete record of the life and labours of this eminent Orientalist appears in the "Report of the Royal Asiatic Society," in the May Number of the "Journal," from the pen of Mr. W. S. W. Vaux, F.R.S., the Secretary of the Society.

ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF SOUTHERN INDIA. - In January, 1881, Mr. Robert Sewell, of H.M. Madras Civil Service, received an order from the Government of Madras to serve on special duty in connection with the Archæological Survey of Southern India, entrusting him with the preparation of Lists of all the known inscriptions and monumental antiquities in the Madras Presidency, in order to prepare the way for a detailed survey. The result of these orders up to the present is embodied in a quarto volume of 387 pages, which forms volume i. of Lists of the Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras printed at the Government Press, Madras. This volume contains an Index of Villages where the remains registered are situated, and a valuable General Index. Mr. Sewell says that he has been buoyed up by the hope that the Lists and Tables which form the main portion of volume ii. (and which the Madras Government did not call

upon him to compile) will be found of considerable utility is the gradual work of history-making, by enabling many to become fellow-workers, who would otherwise, from the labour required in studying the subject, never be induced to pay any attention to it. The Chronological Tables give appr mately the date A.D. which corresponds to the native date, but Mr. Sewell hopes the Government will see fit to hare calculations accurately made in clear tables, which will show at a glance the English day of the week, month and year A.D. corresponding with the native date found in the inscrip tions as recorded. Mr. Sewell considers his lists as provisional and tentative, and not final, and he wishes the students Archæological research in Southern India will take nothing for granted, but prove all statements for themselves, before adopting them, and by perpetual corrections the work may in the course of years be rendered perfect; at present they must be only considered a basis on which to work. M. Sewell acknowledges his indebtedness to Messrs. J. F. Fleet, T. Foulkes, Lewis Rice and S. S. Natesa Sastri for their co-operation in rendering the work as complete as possible in the limited time allowed for its compilation.

ANECDOTA OXONIENSIS.-The Clarendon Press have just published the Sukhâvatî-Vyûha, a description of the Land of Bliss, edited by Prof. F. Max Müller and Bunyia Na (Priest of the Eastern Hongwanze in Japan), comprising Part 2 of volume 1 of the Aryan Series of the text, documents and extracts, chiefly from MSS. in the Bodleian and other Ord Libraries. This part contains two Appendices giving the text and translation of Sanghavarman's Chinese version f the poetical portions of the Sukhâvatî-Vyûha, and the Sanskrit text of the smaller Sukhâvatî-Vyûha. The subject of the work is a description of Sukhâvati, together with the history of Amitabha, beginning with his early stage when be was a Bikshu with the name of Dharmâkara at the time f the Tathagata Lokesvararaga. It is in the form of a dialog in which Bhagavat or Buddha, Ananda, and Maitreya an the chief speakers. The scene of the dialogue is at Ragagria on the mountain Gridhrakuta.

THE SINHALESE.-We have received a reprint from the "Indian Antiquary" of Prof. E. Kuhn's essay on the oldest Aryan element of the Sinhalese Vocabulary, translated Donald Ferguson. There seems to be very little doubts 3 that Sinhalese is of Aryan origin, and the consideration the evidence for and against this view forms the subject d Prof. Kuhn's pamphlet.

A STATUE OF BUDDHA.-At Meywar, in the Panjsh, a marble statue of Buddha has been excavated. It is 6 feet high, of excellent workmanship, and indeed one of the best specimens of art of the Buddhistic epoch. The nose s somewhat damaged and the legs are broken. It will be transferred to the British Museum.

GEMS OF CHINESE LITERATURE.-Mr. Herbert A. Giles announces a new work in active preparation. It is to be entitled Gems of Chinese Literature, and will contain over a hundred extracts from fifty or sixty of the most famous Chinese authors of all ages, now translated for the first time. It is needless to say that no such collection exists in any language; and as an introduction to a more extended and s more systematic study of Chinese literature, we may safely wish the work every success.

RARE WORKS IN THE FORTHCOMING CALCUTTA EXHIBI TION. Amongst the exhibits at the forthcoming Exhibition at Calcutta will be ten European works of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, procured, as an inscription in one of them seems to prove, through the Mahomedan priests of Agra Amongst them are The Gunners' Glass, The Seaman's Calendar, a work which belonged to John Cliffe, who was in Aurangzeb's service in 1646; and Latin and French works.

But all these will be cast into the shade by the famous Mahabharata and Ramayana, in Persian, the first copy of which was done out of the original Sanskrit by order of Akbar. The translation of the Mahabharata was termed the Razmnamah. Badaoni, who was one of the translators, wrote that the Razmnamah was illuminated and repeatedly copied; the grandees were ordered to make copies. The Jeypore copy is full of wonderful pictures, of which, perhaps, the most striking are the many battle scenes, and the appalling drawing of hell, as shown to Yudhishthira. About 120 large photographs have been taken of this work. The illustrations are said, on the first page, to have cost four lakhs of rupees. THE BARDS OF THE PUNJAUB.-The class of minstrels similar to those whom Sir Walter Scott chronicles in his "Lay of the Last Minstrel" have not entirely died out in the Punjaub, although they are getting scarcer every year, as they necessarily must under British rule, their entire disappearance being only a question of time, as the themes hey sing of belong to a past order of things. These men, who are quite uneducated, are the chief repositories of the popular folk tales or legends of the people, which would die ut with them unless reduced to a written record. Captain 3. C. Temple, of the Bengal Staff Corps, has undertaken his interesting work (see advertisement in the present Sumber). Twenty legends have already been taken down from the lips of these bards, and it is hoped many more will be collected. These legends will be recorded in the original, and in the Roman character with translations, and will be specimens of the Punjaub dialects of the present day. AMERICAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY.-Proceedings at Boston, May 2nd, 1883.-The Society met, as usual, in the Library of the American Academy, at 10 o'clock a.m.-In the absence of the President and of all the Vice-Presidents, the hair was taken by the senior Director present, Prof. Peabody f Cambridge, and later by Dr. Ward of New York.-The orrespondence of the half-year was presented, and some arts of it were read.- Mr. W. W. Rockhill wrote from Montreux in Switzerland, enclosing a rubbing of a coin with Neu-chih inscription, from China. Although the character at present undeciphered, every document containing it 3 of value as a contribution to its possible interpretation. leferring to a translation from Tibetan of the Udanavarga, ecently published by him as one of Trübner's Oriental Series, he says: "If I am able to call the attention of students to this rich field of Buddhist learning, I have attained one of the objects I had in view in translating this work. Students of Buddhism have been too prone to search for their materials exclusively in Pali records; whereas I consider it beyond doubt that nearly every one of the southern texts may be found in the Tibetan or Chinese canons."-The following ommunications were presented at the meeting: 1. On the reek Inscription found by Dr. S. Merrill at Gerash, by Prof. .0. Paine, of Elmwood, Mass.-2. On the Site of Pithom Exodus i. 11), by Rev. L. Dickerman, of Boston.-3. On the Japanese Nigori of Composition, by Mr. B. S. Lyman, of Northampton, Mass.-4. Remarks on the Oriental Genius, y Rev. J. W. Jenks, of Newtonville, Mass.-5. On the Jaiminiya-or Talavakara-Brahmana, by Prof. W. D. Whitney, New Haven.-6. On Modes in Relative Clauses in the Rig-Veda, by Prof. J. Avery, of Brunswick, Me.-7. On certain Irregular Vedic Subjunctives or Imperatives, by Prof. M. Bloomfield, of Baltimore, Md.; presented by Prof. Lanman, of Cambridge.-8. Was there at the Head of the Babylonian Pantheon a Deity bearing the name El? By Prof. D. G. Lyon, of Cambridge, Mass.-9. On the Bronze Crab Inscription of the New York Obelisk, by Prof. Isaac H. Hall, of Philadelphia, Pa.; presented by the Corresponding Secretary.-10. On Certain Sounds in the Peking Pronunciation of Chinese, by Mr. B. S. Lyman, of Northampton, Mass. -11. Translation of two brief Buddhist Sutras from the Tibetan, by Mr. W. W. Rockhill, now of Montreux, Switzerland; presented by the Corresponding Secretary.-After the completion of this paper, the Society, with the usual vote of thanks to the American Academy for the use of its room, adjourned, to meet again in New Haven in October.

ANONYMOUS AND PSEUDONYMOUS LITERATURE.-Mr. W. Paterson, of Edinburgh, has published the second volume of Halkett and Laing's Dictionary of the Anonymous and Pseudonymous Literature of Great Britain; including the works of foreigners written in, or translated into the English language. This volume runs from Fab to Nym, so we presume another volume will complete this work, which has experienced so many vicissitudes in its compilation and preparation for the press. Mr. H. B. Wheatley contributes the article on Junius in the present volume.

EUCALYPTOGRAPHIA.-The ninth and tenth decades of Baron F. von Mueller's Eucalyptographia will probably appear during the course of the present year.

THE BYSTANDER.-With January this year Prof. Goldwin Smith has recommenced his "Bystander as a quarterly periodical. He says, to Party Government he is more than ever opposed, and has no new professions to make, and desires to be loyal to that policy alone which will bring wealth, happiness, and the virtues which follow in their train, to the Canadian people.

THE INSURANCE ENCYCLOPÆDIA.-The fifth volume of Mr. Cornelius Walford's valuable Insurance Encylopædia has now been completed some time, and we take pleasure in again calling the attention of librarians to the work, which is very comprehensive in its scope, and covers a much larger range of subjects than it would be supposed possible for such a work.

VAHL'S MISSION ATLAS.-Grundemann's Mission Atlas, published at Gotha in 1867, is certainly out of date, and the Missionary world would welcome a second edition, or even a rival publication. Mr. J. Vahl has published the "Mission Atlas" (Copenhagen, 1883), with Description in the Danish language, and we are surprised at his doing so. The Danish reading public would hardly require so expensive a work, and beyond Denmark the Danish language is not generally known. The atlas contains five good maps, but it is only a first instalment of a much larger work. It may not be too late to suggest that in subsequent issues he substitute the German or English language, if he wishes to secure the wide sale which his excellent undertaking warrants.

DR. SANDERS'S SATZBAU UND WORTFOLGE.-(Satzbau und Wortfolge in der deutschen Sprache dargestellt und durch Belege erläutert von Professor Dr. Daniel Sanders.) The tireless pen of Dr. Sanders has added yet another to the list of works, large and small, in which the indefatigable lexicographer has illustrated and elucidated the subtleties and minutiæ of the German language. All the merits of the Deutsche Sprachbriefe, the Wörterbuch deutscher Synonymen, and the rest of the learned author's productions, reappear in the present publication. There is the same thoroughness of investigation, the same clearness of statement, the same fine feeling for small distinctions and slight shades of meaning, the same judicial discrimination between what is right and wrong on the one hand, and what is only more or less elegant on the other, and lastly the same wealth of exemplification from past and contemporary literature and the language of common life. For English students of German far enough advanced in their knowledge of that rich and versatile tongue to follow an essay in and on that language, the book is of peculiar value. Here all our doubts as to the comparative correctness of such expressions as anzuerkennen or zu anerkennen, vorzuenthalten or zu vorenthalten, etc.. doubts engendered in the first instance either by the unpardonable licence or the whimsical mannerism of writers of high standing like Berthold Auerbach, are finally and satisfactorily resolved. No man has a finer feeling for the genius of language generally, and of the German language in particular, than Dr. Sanders: none guards more jealously the sacred citadel of purity of speech, yet none is freer from mere pedantry and the shackles of arbitrary Academic law. There can be little doubt that one great secret of Dr. Sanders's profound knowledge of his mothertongue is his wide acquaintance with foreign idioms, and in this connexion we notice with pleasure that not only has he, in recognition of his services to Greek and especially modern Greek literature, been elected Corresponding Member of the Historical and Ethnological Society of Greece, but has also quite recently been decorated by King George with the Golden Cross of the Order of the Redeemer. We agree with the Greek Ambassador in Berlin, M. Rangavé, that such distinctions are an honour, not only to the recipient, but to the country that confers them.

OUTLINES OF GERMAN LITERATURE.-The new edition of "Gostwick and Harrison's Outlines of German Literature," just published by Williams and Norgate, is provided with an index of topics and titles of books, in addition to the index of authors which appeared in the first edition. Students not very familiar with the literature will here find an easy means of reference to the authorship of German works which they may know by repute only. For example, readers who have heard of "Nathan the Wise" and the Laocoon will be at once directed to Lessing as the author of those works on referring to this index. The last two chapters of the book are entirely new, and give an account of the literary productions of Germany during the ten years that have elapsed since the appearance of the first edition in 1873.

THE NEW AMSTERDAM GAZETTE.-Mr. Morris Coster, of New York, is publishing a monthly periodical under the above title, which is intended as a literary medium, connecting New Amsterdam (New York) with the original Amsterdam, from whence came the founders of the new city and the New Netherlands of Knickerbocker times. It will contain all the latest news connected with Holland and her colonies, and those parts of the world where her enterprising people have settled.

BIBLIOTHEQUE BOLIVAR.-On the 24th July last, in commemoration of the centenary of the great liberator, Simon Bolivar, the Société Latino-Americaine of Paris inaugurated the "Bibliothèque Bolivar," at 21, Rue de Grammont. Don J. A. Carrillo y Navas being President, Don Pedro S. Lamas 1st Vice-President; Don E. Diaz Covarrubias 2nd VicePresident; Don L. Théodor Ravelo Treasurer; and Don M. Gonzalez de la Rosa Secretary.

BIBLIOTHECA ARABICO-HISPANA.-The time of the occupation of Spain by the Moors was undoubtedly the epoch when Arabic literature and learning was at the zenith of its prosperity, therefore the Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispana should contain the cream of Arabian literature. The series is edited by D. Francisco Codera, Professor of the Arabic Language in the University of Madrid. Volume i. parts 1 to 3, and volume ii. part 1 are published, containing Assilah de Aben Pascal's Biographical Dictionary of Learned Men.

THE HEBREW STUDENT.-This is a monthly journal in the interest of Old Testament Literature and Interpretation, published by the Hebrew Book Exchange, at Morgan Park, near Chicago. Vol. I. is already out of print: it consists of the numbers for September, October, November, and December, 1882. This magazine is published under the auspices of the Society of the American Institute of Hebrew. This Society has for its objects the promotion of the study of the Hebrew language, and has four departments, viz. "The Hebrew Correspondence School," the "The Hebrew Summer School," the Hebrew Student," and the "Hebrew Book Exchange." William R. Harper, Ph.D., is the President, Messrs. Benjamin Douglass and F. O. Marsh, are the Vice-Presidents, and Mr. George S. Goodspeed, the Secretary and Treasurer.

SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE AND EXEGESIS.-The second part of the journal of this Society, published in Middletown, Conn., July to December, 1882, contains notes on the Beirut Syriac Codex, by Prof. J. H. Hall; on Job, by the Rev. J. T. Mombert, D.D.; an examination of the tenses in conditional sentences in Hebrew, by the Rev. H. Ferguson; the New Testament witness to the authorship of the Old Testament books, by Prof. Francis Brown; lost Hebrew Manuscripts, by the Rev. B. Pick, Ph.D.; on 7 in Josh. xvii. 15, 18, and Ezek. xxi. 24; xxiii. 47, by Prof. J. Willis Beecher, D.D., and the Syriac Apocalypse, Prof. Isaac H. Hall, Ph.D.

THE AMERICAN LAW REVIEW.-This periodical is now published at St. Louis, Mo., and is issued bi-monthly under the editorial care of Messrs. Lucien Eaton and S. D. Thompson. In its pages are united the American Law Review, which used to be published in Boston, and the Southern Law Review of St. Louis. The March-April number contains articles on jurisdiction over the estates of the dead, marriage and its prohibitions, property relations of religious societies, and other articles. The price of this periodical remains the same as the late (Boston) Law Review.

THE LAWYER'S REFERENCE MANUAL.-Mr. Charles C. Soule, of the firm of Soule and Bugbee, of Boston (Mass.), has merited the thanks of the legal profession by issuing a Lawyer's Reference Manual of Law Books and Citations. This work, which it has taken some years to compile, gives condensed bibliographical information necessary to all lawyers. It is divided into five parts as follows, a list of American Reports, Digests, etc., with short Notes, Lists of English, Irish, Scotch, and British Colonial Reports, with Notes, an index of Authors, serving as an index to the first two parts and also of the chief law journals and elementary works now in use and cited, an index of subjects, and an index of abbreviations. It is Mr. Soule's intention, should time permit and the present manual of the book now in general use receive sufficient patronage, to prepare one of all the law-books ever published in the English language.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS.- Brig.Gen. H. G. Wright, Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, has issued his Report for 1882 in three volumes. It calls for an augmentation of the Engineer Battalion to 520 men, which he thinks should be the minimum number, and in which opinion the Secretary of War agrees with him. The preliminary surveys of rivers and harbours called for by the Act of

August 2, 1882, are in progress, and will point out from time to time what localities are worthy of improvement, and what are works of public necessity, and if they come within the scope of the Act, they will be undertaken without delay. Seven atlas sheets have been finished of the survey of the territory of the U.S.A. west of the one hundredth meridian. Eight officers of the Corps are engaged in collecting and compiling maps and notes for these surveys, and for the maps there is a great demand, as they are in many cases the only ones available of the regions they depict The appropriation of 50,000 dols. to be used in continuing these surveys is earnestly recommended. The Corps has been doing good work in improving the South Pass of the Mississippi River, and up to September, 1882, 4,700,000 dola. has been expended for that purpose.

NORTH AMERICAN PHILOLOGY.-Mr. Horatio Hale sends us, in pamphlet form, a paper read by him before the American Philosophical Society, March 2nd, 1883, "On the Tutelo Tribe and Language." This tribe, like many other of the North American Continent, is now extinct. A portrus which accompanies this pamphlet is one of Nikonha, the last Tutelo, who was in 1870 one hundred and six years of age. Another pamphlet by Mr. Hale is a reprint of a paper rel by him before the American Association for the Adrano ment of Science, held in Montreal in August, 1882, Indian Migrations as evidenced by Language." Mr. Hala instances the Huron-Cherokees, the Dakotas, the Algonkins, the Chahta-Muskokis, the Mound-builders, and the Iberians, as tribes which have migrated.

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ARCHEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA.-The Fourth Annual Report of the Executive Committee and Second Annual Report of the American School Classical Studies at Athens, 1882-83, which was presented at the anal meeting, May 19, 1883, has been published. It gi particulars of Mr. Bandelier's researches in New Mer and details of further explorations at Assos. The Committen make an appeal to the members for funds to carry on the classical research, otherwise the Society will have to withdraw from such expensive and distant explorations. That the publications of the Institute are appreciated is shown from the fact of the First Annual Report and Papers, 180, and the First Annual Report of the Executive Committee, 1880, being out of print.

AMERICAN ARCHEOLOGY.-Mr. Henry Phillips, jun.. read before the American Philosophical Society, May 4, 1983, a "Brief Account of the more important Collections of American Archæology in the United States." In this paper, which is also to be read at the Congress of Americanists, at Copen hagen, August 21, 1883, will be found also a list of twentyfive Societies reported to have archæological collections, b who have returned no response to enquiries upon the subject.

THE PLANET.-This is a monthly journal of medicine, surgery, and the collateral sciences. Published in New York City. Dr. C. E. Nelson is the editor and proprietor. The number for May 15th contains two curious cases: one is the insertion of transplanted flesh in the urethral canal, and the other a post-mortem which discovered the lungs of a machinist to be filled with iron filings. The number for April 15th contains a case of absence of the uterus or ovaries in a female otherwise well developed.

LIBRARY MATTERS.-"The Harvard University Bulletin" for January contains a section of Mr. Justin Winsor's Biblio graphy of Ptolemy's Geography and the first portion of Mr. Lane's Bibliography of Thomas Carlyle's collection of books on Cromwell and Frederick the Great. The April number contains a continuation of the Ptolemy Bibliography.

"The Bulletin of the Boston Public Library "for January gives part 3 of the Bibliography of works relating to Bea jamin Franklin. The April number of the same gives an index of articles upon American Local History in Historical Collections in the Boston Public Library, and a list of works on the Shakespeare-Bacon Question.

The Thirty-fourth" Annual Report of the Trustees of the Astor Library" for 1882 shows that the whole number volumes in the Library on the 31st of December amounted to 200.819, the collection of works on patents in the library is probably the most complete outside the United States Patent Office. This Library was formed on plans laid down by Dr. Cogswell, and a new catalogue is in preparation in continuation of the Doctor's Alphabetical Index. "The Ap pendix" to the Report shows the number of readers, the character of their studies, the number of books read. the accessions to the library, with a list of donations and doners'

trated MSS., and a list of the issues of the press of Pennsylvania from 1760 to 1769.

The "Sixteenth Annual Report of the Peabody Institute of the City of Baltimore," June 1, 1883, shows that the Library now contains 79,222 volumes, out of which 3,763 have been added during the year.

The Thirtieth Annual Report of the Mercantile Library Association of San Francisco shows that the total number of volumes in the library on January 1st, 1883, to have been 51,629, and the accessions during the year nearly 12,000 volumes. The greatest per-centage of books in use, as is usually the case in most libraries, having miscellaneous collections, was in the department of fiction, which stands at 654 per cent.

The Annual Report of the Mitchell Library, Glasgow, which is the fourth, shows that during 1882 1,750,000 volumes have been issued to readers, 1,200 to 1,300 daily. The total number of volumes in the library is now over 45,000, and another five years of progress at the same rate will place the Mitchell Library among the most important public libraries in the United Kingdom.

BUREAU OF STATISTICS.-A useful publication recently issued by this Bureau is a report in reply to a Senate resolution December 21, 1881, giving "Comparative Rates of Wages in the United States and Foreign Countries" by Joseph Nimmo, jun., chief of the Bureau of Statistics.

BUREAU OF EDUCATION.-We have received the following circulars of information from General John Eaton, the Hon. Commissioner of Education :-" Legal Provisions for Examining and Licensing Teachers;" this publication gives the rules in the various States of the Union; from it we find Arkansas does not grant a certificate to any one who is given to profanity, drunkenness, gambling, licentiousness, or does not believe in a Supreme Being. California seems to make no conditions except the ability to teach. Colorado requires a good moral character, as does also Delaware, Florida, and most of the other States. In some States the candidate must have taught a number of years, and two or more of them in the State where he makes application for a situation. "Planting Trees in School Grounds" is an extra Bulletin of the Department, as are also "Instruction in Moral and Civil Government' and "Natural Science in Secondary Schools." "Causes of Deafness among School Children' is an illustrated Circular by Dr. Samuel Sexton of the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary. "Proceedings of the Department of Superintendence of the National Education Association at Washington forms Circular No. 2, of 1882.

A very important special report, "Industrial Education in the United States," has also been issued by General Eaton. This report will be found to contain all the information in the possession of the Bureau of Education with regard to special and industrial colleges, as well as those institutions where technical education is given by means of evening classes without residence.

THE EDUCATIONAL CHART.-Mr. Angus Dallas, of Toronto, has published with Messrs. Hunter, Rose, & Co., an Educational Chart giving a comparative abstract of two antagonistic systems of education, the mathematical and the aesthetic. The text which accompanies the chart gives much thoughtinciting matter on philology. The author will soon publish "Platonism illustrated and simplified, and the specific purpose of each Dialogue explained." This work is intended to expose the fallacies of Italian, German, French, and English translators and lexicographers.

THE CONCORD SUMMER SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY.-The Concord Summer School commenced a fifth term on Wednesday, July 18, 1883, at 9 A.M. Ten lectures were announced in each week, to be given morning and evening, except Saturdays, on the secular days (in the morning at 9 o'clock, and in the evening at 7:30) at the Hillside Chapel, near the Orchard House. The Concord Public Library of 17,500 volumes was opened every day for the use of resident students.

ENCYCLOPÆDIA AMERICANA.-The "Encyclopædia Americana" aims at supplying the want of both English and American readers, by devoting a large part of its space to articles relating to historical events, geographical explorations, scientific researches and discoveries, the progress of Speculative Thought, Politics, Law, Fine Arts, Industries, Inventions, Natural History, and Biographies (including the distinguished men that have recently passed away, viz. Carlyle, Emerson, Garfield, Gambetta, Jessel, etc.). Other topics, distinctively American, including its religious denominations and benevolent institutions; its great natural resources; its agri

countries; its enormous deposits of coal; its remarkable growth of railroads; the adaptation of electricity to various purposes; its construction of bridges, aqueducts, and public buildings; its banking and other features of finance, receive particular attention; also, for the first time in a general Encyclopædia, a clear and concise series of articles upon the origin, character and career of the several political parties in the United States. These volumes may be regarded as furnishing a valuable and indispensable addition, not only to the "Encyclopædia Britannica," now passing through its ninth edition-but also to all other standard works of a similar character. The "Encycolpadia Americana," will be published in four volumes royal 4to. at 30s. each, nett, a volume of which will be issued about every six months, beginning September 1st, until completed, and will be supplied to Supscribers only. The price of the book to nonsubscribers will be 40s. per volume. Trübner & Co., 57 and 59 Ludgate Hill, will receive orders for the work.

CONGESTED PRICES.-Under this title Messrs. Jansen McClurgy, of Chicago, have published a little book by Mr. M. L. Scudder, jun., in which he treats of panics as a disease of the commercial system, and like diseases of the human system, it is possible to modify and control them. The author is a practical man, but a close thinker and a ready writer. He sneers at the theorist's principle that cost of production determines value and price, and treats his subject from the standpoint of one who understands the common every day machinery by which prices are made. He describes briefly but intelligibly the methods in making prices in Stock and Grain Exchanges, and points out some curious analogies between the characteristics of price prophecies and weather prophecies, and disputes the popular belief that financial panics must occur periodically. The most interesting part of the book is that which discusses the nature of past panics and the elements on the present financial situation which may work out new panic. This, every business man and every political economist should read and consider. Among the causes which may produce new panics, the author discusses strikes, and corners in grain and provisions. The latter has received a forcible illustration since the book was written by the disastrous failure of the lard corner on the Chicago Board of Trade. Congested Prices" is written in an entertaining style, and holds the attention of the reader from beginning to end.

THE EDITIONS OF SHAKESPEARE.-In the "Monthly Reference Lists" (F. Leypoldt, New York), for July-August, will be found practical references to the various editions of Shakespeare's Works, by Mr. W. E. Foster of the Providence Public Library. Six distinguished American Shakespeare scholars have revised this bibliography and added notes and memoranda.

THE INTERCHANGE.-Mr. Howard Challen, of Philadelphia, sends us No. 1 of the "Interchange," which is a periodical containing information on books relating to, and periodicals publishing articles on special subjects. We do not see that such a periodical can possibly meet with sufficient patronage to pay its expenses, and are afraid it will soon be numbered amongst more useful projects which Mr. Challen has started and abandoned.

THE MANHATTAN.-This is is the title of an illustrated monthly New York magazine which has just commenced its second volume (July). The first article by Mr. Henry Van Dyke, jun., is on Princeton College, with pictures of it, past and present, and portraits of its professors. This College was founded fourth in the order of dates of American Colleges (1746) for the Province of New Jersey. It is 110 years younger than Harvard. 76 years younger than William and Mary, and 45 years younger than Yale. Besides this article there is one on the Rattlesnake (Crotalus), the snake of America, by Ernest Ingersoll; and we notice a veteran in New York literature, Mr. Cornelius Matthews, writes on Temple Court, the quarter where the office of the Manhattan is located, which stands on ground once occupied by the New York Mercantile Library. There are also two works of fiction in progress.

THE CENSUS OF CANADA.-Volume Three of the Dominion Census 1881, which we have just received, is printed in English and French like the first, and contains tables of immovable property and shipping, occupiers of land, and lands unoccupied, animals and animal products, field products. various products and furs, products of the forest, fisheries, and raw material products, with tables of details and recapitulations, etc. We presume that the second volume will be the last published, and complete the series, but we find no notice