try, upon whose vigilance and firmness most reliance could be placed (Il. x, 419), though not mentioned, would thus be nearest the enemy, and in the place most exposed to assault. It is curious, that the Thracians, though newly arrived, and necessarily by water, yet appear, from the order in which they are named, to have been farthest from the sea. Now, this only shows that the sea alluded to was not the Hellespont, which they crossed, but the Ægean sea at D, where the coast consists of steep cliffs, at which troops could not disembark.

Thymbra. If this explanation be admitted, Thymbra ought to be about F, and the Kirke-joss should be the Thymbrius. In reality, if Thymbra derived its name from a river, as Strabo states, there can be little doubt upon the subject, for there is no other stream on the west side of the Scamander, where the Trojan army, auxiliaries and all, were posted. The nature of the ground strengthens this idea; for the perennial stream of the Kirke-joss keeping up a perpetual verdure, affords something like a reason for the name of Thymbra, borrowed from an odoriferous herb; and farther, as the place would supply both pasture and water for the horses, it was in all respects a fit station for the cavalry. Strabo's account of the Thymbrius is so confined, that it can merely be received as evidence of the existence of the river, without determining its place. But instead of entering farther into this subject, we refer to Mr. Maclaren's work.

Tomb of Ilus. When the Trojan army was encamped along the Scamander, Dolon told Ulysses that Hector was then (during the night) holding a council at the Tomb of Ilus, "apart from the noise of the camp." The tomb was, therefore, not in the camp, but at some distance from it. Again, it was towards the town, for the Trojans passed it next day when flying to the city (Il. xi, 166); and as the army was posted on the west bank, it should consequently be on the opposite side of the river. And there accordingly we find it was; for Priam, going from Troy to the Greek camp, passed the tomb of Ilus just before he came to the river (H. xxiv, 349). It should, therefore, be on the direct route between the Greek camp and the city, and may very reasonably be identified with the tumulus G. Hector's object in holding a council bere, was partly to deliberate undisturbed by the noise of the army, and partly to communicate with the town, to which we find him sending off a message, directing the old men and youths to keep guard, and from which he had to order down provisions for the army (II. VIII, 517–545).

-The Throsmos. The Throsmos, which is a term of doubtful signification, is used by Homer only three times, but under circumstances which seem to define what he means. 1. The Throsmos was on the same side of the Scamander with the Greek entrenchments, for it was on the night when the Trojans were posted between the ramparts and the river, that they were said by Nestor

to be encamped on the Throsmos near the ships (II. VIII, 489. X, 159). 2. The position of the Trojan army, here said to be on the Throsmos, is also spoken of simply as a plain (Il. VIII, 558), and a part of the Trojan plain (Il. x, 11). This is entirely overlooked by those who think it indispensable to find a hill for the encampment. 3. The Throsmos included an extensive space, for it is applied to the whole ground occupied by the Trojan army, one wing of which was near the sea, another at the Scamander, and a part at Thymbra (Il. x, 160. 428. 434). 4. It was not always applied to the same piece of ground, for when the Trojan army slept the first time on the field, they retired to the banks of Scamander; the second time they did not so retire, but remained close to the ramparts, and were only driven to the river next day after many furious charges (Il. xx, passim. XXI, 1); yet their position on both occasions is said to be on the Throsmos (Il. xx, 3). The expression, therefore, was not confined to an isolated hill; but was applied to an extensive tract of ground characterised generally by a plain surface. 5. It cannot be understood to mean nothing more than "saltus campestris," an open plain, as Mr. Bryant thinks, for in this case it would have been applied to the plain on the Trojan side of the river, where the chief battles were fought. On the contrary, in the three instances where it occurs, it is employed to distinguish exclusively the ground on the Grecian side of the Scamander, and we have seen that it applies to the whole of that ground, from the camp to the Kirke-joss, and from the sea to the Scamander. Now, there is but one circumstance which distinguishes this side of the plain from the other

that it everywhere rises into a gentle acclivity. And, that the expression really refers to this peculiarity, is confirmed by the use of the word in other writers, where it is found to mean "a gentle ascent" (Hobhouse, p. 758). Heyné also understands the word to signify a gentle acclivity; and in this sense the term as employed by Homer is singularly distinctive and appropriate.

Site of the city. We have now a number of fixed points from which we can pursue our researches respecting the site of Troy, with some prospect of success. We know the situation of the Grecian camp; and a multitude of facts and details connected with the movements of the armies enable us to fix a certain distance from the camp, within which we are sure the city must have stood. When this distance is determined, our inquiries are limited to a very narrow space; for, first, we have ascertained the Simois and Scamander, and know that the site must be sought between these rivers; and, secondly, we know that it must be a hill, surrounded generally by a plain. When the problem is thus circumscribed its solution will be easy; and we shall find there is but one spot→→→ the hill Issarlik-that can be reconciled with the various facts and circumstances connected with the Troy of Homer.

That the distance of Troy from the Greek camp did not exceed

three miles, we think may be collected with perfect certainty from the following circumstances.

1. The march and meeting of the armies in the first battle indicate that the distance was small. Comparing Il. 11, 780. 808. III, 1-15, we should conclude that the two armies started nearly at the same time, and advancing by a simultaneous movement, met of course about midway between the city and the camp. And yet, it turns out, that in this position they are so near Troy that Helen and old Priam, seated on the walls, are able to distinguish the persons of the Grecian commanders in the field (Il. 1, 161). With ordinary powers of vision this could scarcely be done at the distance of a mile.

2. When the duel between Paris and Menelaus took place in the position just mentioned, near the city, Hector sent thither for two lambs, and Agamemnon sent to the fleet for one (Il. III, 116). All the details induce the belief that the lamb from the fleet arrived as soon as those from the city (H. 111, 245. 268). Let the reader peruse the circumstantial narrative of the poet, and let him then try if he can reconcile this incident with the supposition that the Greek army was then before Strabo's site, O, or Chevalier's, L.

3. Prisoners, or horses and chariots, taken by either army, were not kept in the rear as they would have been had the distance from its station been great, but were sent off during the battle by the captors to the city or the camp (II. v, 165. 325. VI, 52).

4. The fires kindled by the Trojans during the night on the banks of Scamander, at a distance which we have seen could not exceed a mile, or a mile and a half from the Greek ramparts, are said to "shine upon, or before Troy" (Il. VIII, 557. x, 12). The second passage seems to imply, that Agamemnon standing at the ships, saw both the Trojan fires in the field, and the city illuminated by their light. At any rate, the expression necessarily supposes a short distance between the Trojan camp and the city.

5. When the Trojan army had taken up its station on the banks of Scamander after nightfall, Hector orders the troops" to bring quickly from the city oxen, fatted sheep, wine and bread, from their houses to the camp for supper, and collect wood for fires, which was accordingly done quickly (Il. VIII, 503. 545). Now an attack being intended on the Grecian lines at day break (in 75 hours), it was scarcely possible to go to a city at O, or L, to collect cattle, bread, wine, fire-wood, and return over the same space with flocks of sheep and oxen, slow-paced animals, to get these animals slaughtered and dressed, and to allow a needful time for sacrifice and eating, within seven hours and a half. But the provisions were for supper, and the troops are described as reposing round the fires the whole night after being refreshed by their food (II. VIII, 549).

6. The blockade of Troy by the Greeks seems to have been much stricter than a city at O, or L, or any spot more distant than

I, could be exposed to from an army at Sigeum. Hector asks Polydamas if he was not tired of remaining shut up within the walls, in consequence of which the city was impoverished (11. XVII, 287). Priam asks permission of Achilles to send to Mount Ida for wood, saying, they were shut up within the city, as Achilles knew (II. xxiv, 662). Achilles tells that while he fought, Hector durst not venture beyond the Scean gutes and the beech-tree (Il. ix, 352). And lastly, from the time that the Greeks arrived at Troy, the Trojan women had given up the practice of washing their linens at the hot and cold fountains, though these were under the walls (II. XXII, 154). All these circumstances show that the city was near the camp, and the two last lead us to suppose, that the moment any person passed without the city walls, on one side, he could be seen either from the camp itself, or perhaps the hill above. It will be seen that the hill, I, alone is sufficiently near, and has the exposed situation which these details imply.

7. On the morning of the day after the first battle, the Trojan herald, Idæus, went woev, at day-break, from the city to the Greek camp, where he found the chiefs sitting in council at the ship of Agamemnon, he settled a truce with them for burying the slain, -returned to Troy, and delivered the result of his mission,-after which, the Trojans who were ready assembled, issued out of the city to collect their dead from the field of battle; and there they met the Greeks, (who came for the same purpose,)" when the sun rising in the heavens had newly thrown his rays upon the fields" (II. VII, 381. 423). Thus in the short interval between day-break and sunrise, or a little after it, which could scarcely exceed an hour and a half, the herald had passed twice over the ground between the city and the camp, and the Greeks and Trojans had each passed over one half of the space. Nor can the word be translated early, and applied to a period before the dawning, for Idæus could not think of going to an enemy's camp in the night-time. It is obviously impossible to reconcile this incident with the supposition of a greater distance between the camp and the city than three miles.

8. Patroclus began his attack at the post of Ajax, the part of the camp nearest Troy. He beat off the first divisions of the Trojans there, but as there were other bodies still in the camp, he followed the fugitives but a short way, evidently not farther than the nearest point where the river could be crossed, viz. E. From this point he led back his troops to renew the combat at the ships, "and did not allow them, though desiring it, to ascend to the town (II. XVI, 284. 398), an expression which clearly implies that the city was near, and that the eminence on which it stood began to rise from that very spot. It will be observed how justly and exclusively this manner of speaking applies to a city at I.

9. Preparatory to the last battle, when the Greeks were drawn up in front of their camp, and the Trojans between them and the

Scamander, (about E,) Minerva excited the Greeks, by shouting from the ramparts, and the resounding shore (that is most probably the hill at Sigeum, A); and Mars on the other side, excited the Trojans by shouting from the citadel (Il. xx, 51). The city thus appears to have been so near the camp that, when the two armies were drawn up in a position extending from E up towards D, the summit of the city served Mars as a station to animate the troops from by shouting, exactly as the hill at A served Minerva on the other side. How could Mars have made this use of a citadel at O or L? And is the hill, I, one foot nearer the shore than this incident requires?

10. On the day of the first battle, Agamemnon calls the Greeks to an assembly at day-break, and proposes to them to return home: -they joyfully agree, and disperse through the ships to prepare for their departure, are summoned to a second assembly, where, after several speeches, a resolution is taken to remain ;-they again disperse among the ships, take their forenoon repast, perform solemn sacrifices, and then draw up in battle-array before their camp (II. 11, 1—464). These proceedings in so large an army, encamped over the space of one mile, must have consumed nearly one half of the day. Let us see then what is done in the other half. The Greeks advance till they are so near the city that Priam can distinguish the chiefs from the walls:-here Paris is challenged by Menelaus, and a long pause ensues, during which Agamemnon sends to the fleet for a lamb, wine, &c.-sacrifices are performed,-the duel takes place, and Paris flies,-after which the armies join battle. The Trojans are first repulsed (Il. v, 37), and must of course have retired very near to the walls; they prevail in their turn, and force back the Greeks to a position éπì vηvoì, at or near the ships (II. v, 788). The latter again drive the Trojans close under the walls of the city (II. VI, 256. 435). Hector goes to the Acropolis and orders sacrifices, then rejoins the army, and after fighting some time in the ranks, challenges the boldest of his adversaries to single combat. Nine candidates present themselves, speeches are made, and lots drawn, and Ajax, on whom the lot fell, fights Hector till the approach of night puts an end to the duel, and both armies return home (II. VII, 282. 306. 311). Thus, in little more than one afternoon, the Greeks pass four times over the ground between Troy and their camp, twice fighting, and twice simply marching. Besides this the armies rest on the field while a herald goes from the vicinity of the city to the camp, and returns with a live animal, and while two duels are fought, one of which was preceded by solemn sacrifices. We leave it as a problem to those who would place Troy at L, or O, or R, or any spot more distant than I, to reconcile these facts with their theories.

Mr. Maclaren then shows, that when we take the route from the camp to the city by parts, noting the different objects which