from a deeper bed of the same deposit, might be chosen by the darker brown of its color, and its nearer approximation to the structure of pit-coal. The Oolitic coal of the Brora or Yorkshire field might furnish at least two specimens more. And thus the collector might pass on, by easy gradations, to the true Coal Measures, and down through these to the deeply-seated anthracite of Ireland, or the still more deeply-seated anthracite of America, not altogether so assured of his arrangement, perhaps, as in dealing with the processes of the laboratory or the workshop, but at least tolerably sure that both chemists and naturalists would find fewer reasons to challenge than to confirm it.

BRORA PEAT-MOSSES OF THE OOLITE.

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The Brora field, so various in its deposits, must have existed in various states, many now covered by salt water, now by fresh, now underlying some sluggish estuary,now presenting, perchance, a superaqueous surface, darkened by accumulations of vegetable matter, and now, again, let down into the green depths of the sea. To realize such a change as the last, one has but to cross the Moray Frith at this point to the opposite land, and there see a peat-moss covered, during stream tides, by from two to three fathoms of water, and partially overlaid by a stratum of sea-sand, charged with its characteristic shells. It is a small coal-bed, kneaded out and laid by, though still in its state of extremest unripeness, a coal-bed in the raw material; and there are not a few such on the coasts of both Britain and Ireland. Professor Fleming's description of the submerged forests of the Friths of Forth and Tay must be familiar to many of my readers.

They must have heard, too, through the far-known "Principles" of Lyell, of the submerged forests of Lancashire. "In passing over Black Sod Bay, in a clear, calm morning," says a late tourist in Erris and Tyrawly, "I could see, fathoms down, the roots of trees that seemed of the same sort as are every day dug out of our bogs." Now, we do not know that the Oolite had properly its peatmosses. The climate, though its pines had their wellmarked annual rings, seems, judging from its other productions, to have been warmer than those in which peat now accumulates; but there can be no doubt that both it and the true Coal Measures must have had their vast accumulations of vegetable matter, formed, in many instances, on the spot on which the vegetable matter grew; and no one surely need ask a better definition of a peatA peat-moss, in the present state of things, is simply an accumulation of vegetable matter formed on the spot on which it grew. These, as I have said, we frequently find let down on our coasts far beneath the sealevel, and covered up by marine deposits; and the fact furnishes a first and important step in the proposed serial arrangement of coal in the forming. May I not further add, that Professor Johnston, of Durham, so well known in the field of geological chemistry, regards all our coalseams, whether of the Carboniferous period or of the Oolitic, as mere beds of ancient peat, mineralized in the laboratory of Nature?

moss.

QUARRY OF BRAAMBURY UPPER OOLITE, SUTHERLAND.

On entering the quarry hollowed on the southern eminence, one is first struck by the character of the broken masses of stone that lie scattered over the excavations.

The rubbish abounds in what seem fragments of a very exquisite sculpture. The shells and lignites, which it contains in vast numbers, exist as mere impressions in the white sandstone, and look as if fresh from the chisel of a Thom or Forrest. But even these masters of their art would confess themselves outdone here in beauty of finish. Their best works don't stand the microscope; whereas the carvings of the Upper Oolite here, though in sandstone, mightily improve under it. The cast of a broken fragment of wood at present before me shows not only the markings of the annual rings, but also the microscopic striæ of the vegetable fibre, a niceness of impression impossible in any sandstone that had not what the sandstones of this quarry have, a large mixture of calcareous cement. I remember that, on my first introduction to the excavations of Braambury, for such is the name of

the quarry, the vast amount of what seemed broken sculpture in the rubbish reminded me of some of Tennant's singularly happy descriptions in his "Dingin down o' the Cathedral." They seemed mememorials of a time when, to the signal detriment of ecclesiastical architecture in Scotland, and all the good solid religion that springs out of sandstone,

"Ilk tirlie-wirlie mament bra,

That had for centuries ane and a'

Brankit on bunker or on wa',

Cam tumblin tap o'er tail * *

Whan in ilk kirk the angry folk

Carv't wark, an arch, an pillar broke."

I had not a few other recollections of the quarry of Braambury. Nothing can be more interesting to the geologist than its fossils, and nothing more annoying, at times, to the workman. Occurring often in the wrought stone, they occasion sad gaps and deplorable breaches, where the

plane should be smooth or the moulding sharp. I remember laying open, on one occasion, a beautiful cast that had once been a belemnite, but that had become a mere cavity in which a belemnite might be moulded,- for even this solid fossil, that so doggedly preserves its substance in most other deposits, is absorbed by the sandstone of Braambury. And greatly did I admire its peculiar state of keeping. The smooth, cylindrical hollow was partitioned across by two stony diaphragms, thin as bits of drawingpaper; for ere the absorbing-process had begun, the fossil had been broken into three pieces by the superincumbent weight, and the minute strips of sand which had filled up the cracks had hardened into stone. The point was sharp and smooth; a rectilinear convex ridge showed the place of the abdominal groove; a cone at the base, lined transversely, represented the chambered shell of the interior. There could not be a more interesting specimen for a museum; but, alas! it occupied the polished plane of a tombstone, just where the hic jacet should have been; and though it symbolized the sentence wonderfully well, it was a symbol which I feared few would succeed in interpreting. I pointed it out to a brother workman. "Ah," said he, "you have got one of these terrrible tangle-holes; they're the dash'dest things in all the quarry.”

Many a curious thing besides does this quarry contain: boles of trees, that look as if sculptured in the white sandstone, with their gnarled and twisted knots and furrowed rinds; striated reeds of the same brittle material, that seem the fluted columns of architectural models; clubmosses, with their gracefully-disposed branches; rounded stems, scaled like the cones of the fir; impressions of fibrous, sword-shaped leaves, that resemble the leaves of the iris; and the casts of fragmentary masses of timber,

deeply fretted by the involved and tortuous gnawings of some marine worm. Such are a few of the sculptured representations of the flora of the period, things more delicate by a great deal than those carved flowers of Melrose which we find described with such picturesque effect by Sir Walter. And its fauna we see represented quite as interestingly as its flora. Its sculptured Pectens remind us of those of a Grecian frieze; a beautifully-ribbed Cardium has proved a still finer subject for the chisel; its Gryphites stand out in the boldest style of art. One very striking Ammonite (Ammonite perarmatus) exhibits a double row of prominent cones, that run along the spiral windings, and give to it the appearance of an Ionic volute ingeniously rusticated; and another Ammonite, that takes its name from the quarry (Ammonite Braamburiensis), presents on its smooth, broad surface, for in form it resembles some of our recent nautili, — the gracefully-involved lines of the internal partitioning, as sharp and distinct as if traced on copper by the burin. The traveller explores and examines, and finds the rude excavation on the hillside converted into the studio of some wonderful sculptor. In the quarry opened on the other eminence there are similar appearances presented, but the stone is softer, and the impressions less sharp.

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GLACIERS AND MORAINES OF SUTHERLAND.

Let us mark the abrupt and imposing character of the hills. They rise dark, lofty, and bare, and show-to employ a graphic Highland phrase their bones sticking through the skin. They must have been well swept, surely; and as they are composed mainly of Old Red Sandstone conglomerate in this locality,- for we have left