desire.

Of emotion. Disposition to neglect the weak and help the

strong. - Wealth a test of worth. Social life favors concealment.

Character brought out by out-of-door life, hardship, etc. - Forms of de-

ception. Social parasitism. -- They are products of the biologic law.

Survival of the fittest.

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162

CHAPTER XXV.

INTUITIVE JUDGMENT.

How differing from other forms of intuition. Perception of truth.

Not a form of reasoning. — Mistakes of the logicians. — Whately. — Car-

penter. Psychological unity of intuitional judgments. — Primarily employed

in self-preservation. — Relates to the future. — Common sense. — Popular

intuition.

169

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-

CHAPTER XXVI.

FEMALE INTUITION.

Its subhuman origin. — Its practical uses. — Developed through natural

selection. A protective attribute. — Constitutional caution. Based on

experience. Constitutes conservatism. Women as reformers. - This

involves no inconsistency. Kind of reforms that women advocate.

Positive or active vs. negative or passive intuition. The latter involves no

deception. Other contrasts. Twofold intellectual trunk. - Courage vs.

prudence. — Homologies in biology and sociology. — Equal importance of

male and female intuition.

-

-

174

CHAPTER XXVII.

THE INVENTIVE FACULTY.

-

-

The intuitive faculty, as expended upon sentient beings. Upon human

beings. Not restricted to these. Primarily directed toward physical

objects. Why the earliest animals were aquatic. Higher requirements

of land animals. - Development of the directive faculty. - New applica-

tions of it by man. — Ingenuity. — Artificial devices. — Origin of the invent

ive faculty. — Animal ingenuity. — Contrivances of plants. - Aids in the

chase. In agriculture. The pastoral stage. Clothing and shelter. —

Analogy in the development of human and animal means of offense

and defense. Higher applications of the principle. Great modern dis-

coveries. — The real civilizing agent. - Civilization defined.

--

181

CHAPTER XXVIII.

PSYCHOLOGY OF INVENTION.

-

The inventive faculty compared with other forms of intuition. — Subjec-
tive and objective intuition. - The former cgoistic, the latter disinterested.
The two resultant classes of character contrasted. — Comparison with
intuitive judgment. — Religious conservatism. — Conservatism and invent-
iveness inversely proportional. — Essential nature of an inventive act.
Close analogy of ingenuity with cunning. — Control of qualities and forces.
190

CHAPTER XXIX.

-

-

INVENTIVE GENIUS.

-

Disinterested action connoted by the word genius. - Objective tendencies
of the inventive faculty. — Pleasure in discovery. — All labor involves skill.
Origin of art. - All products artificial. - Civilization artificial. The
intellect as a transforming agent. Its modus operandi. — Repeals the
biologic law. Material civilization progressive. Compensation for the
hardship of labor. - Scientific discovery a result of inventive genius.

-

Distinction between invention and discovery. — The latter always useful.
- Value of truth for its own sake. Cultivation of inventive genius. —
Objections. Reasons for. — The main argument. - It is the public that
needs educating. - Popular ignorance of mechanical principles. — These at
least should be taught. Manual training. - Education in the perception

of utilities.

196

CHAPTER XXX.

CREATIVE GENIUS.

Retrospective view. - Domain of the current philosophy. -

-

-

Derivative

faculties. The creative faculty. How different from imagination. —
Derived from the inventive faculty. — The esthetic sentiment. — Definition
of the practical. The fine arts. Architecture. How creation diverged
from invention. — Absorption in the ideal. — The brain an emotional center.

Faculties included. — Genesis. - Non-advantageous relations. Incon-
trollable phenomena.
Causation. Practical basis of speculation. — An-

-

-

thropomorphism. - Mythology. - Theological and rational cosmology. -

Speculation upon mind. Modern psychology. - Recognition of subjective

psychology. -Logic and mathematics. — Abstract reasoning. Its biologic

inutility. The growth of the speculative faculties as a proof of the trans-

missibility of acquired characters. - Speculative genius as a factor of

civilization.

-

CHAPTER XXXII.

THE INTELLECT.

214

Phylogenesis of mind.- The restless search for causes.

-

No mystery involved. — Mind a

with biology. Intellect a psychosis.
property of matter. - The ontological obstacle to psychology. - Intellect
Supreme and subordinate consciousness. Does feel-

-

Subjective and

vs. consciousness.
ing accompany ideation? Intellect vs. knowledge.
objective knowledge. Experience. - Acquisition of knowledge. The
two intellectual stimuli. - Intelligence. Intellect not a force. - The
prevalent error.- In what sense a cause. Its modus operandi. Nature
easily managed. — Thought inheres in all work. — Desires are blind.
Instinct as a substitute for intellect. — Psychology of intellectual direction.
- Conversion of means into ends. The mechanical "
"purchase." Classi-
fication of intellectual activities. Bodily actions. - Speech. -- Written

PART III.

SOCIAL SYNTHESIS OF THE FACTORS.

CHAPTER XXXIII.

THE ECONOMY OF NATURE AND THE ECONOMY OF MIND.

Definitions. The fundamental distinction. — The animal economists. -

Comte. Spencer. Uniformity of natural phenomena. — Political econ-

omy based

this fact. The fundamental economic error.

upon

The

omitted psychic factor. Two kinds of economics. Animal economics. ·
Supposed economy of nature. — False idea of perfect adaptation. — Cause
of adaptation. -Means to adaptation not economical. Prodigality of
nature. — Huxley. — Darwin. — Examples. — Views of Prof. Youmans.

-

-

-

-

Of Herbert Spencer. — Of Asa Gray. — Progress achieved through nature's
method. Not a rational method. The law of biologic economics. —
Importance of certainty. The twofold formula. - Nature both practical
and prodigal.
Nature's failures and successes. - Parallels in the physical
world. — Exaggeration of irregularities. Extinct and waning types. —
Character of genetic progress. — The rational method imitated by nature.
The two methods contrasted. - The weapons of animals all organic..
The rational the only economical method. Further contrasts. - The
environment transforms the animal; man transforms the environment.
Superior economy of latter process. - Economy of time. — Of energy.
Dependence of man upon art. - Meaning of labor and production.
Civilization. — The psychologic the reverse of the biologic law. — The
biologic law. — The organic environment. Competition. — Does not secure
the survival of the fittest. This proved by domestication. This truth
early perceived. — Human progress the result of the struggle with competi-
tion. The success only partial. - Intellect itself a biologic product.
Competition modified by reason. Competition in society ephemeral.
Tendency to combine. Capital and labor. — Competition between com-
Monopolies. — Waste prevented by combination. —
Aggressive competition. Explained by Prof. Patten.- Displays the
—
element of mind. Influences conducive to aggressive competition.
Struggle to escape productive labor. Aggressive competition an em-
bodiment of business shrewdness. — Involves deception. Society not
rational. Represents psychologically a very low organism. Comparison
of aggressive with free competition. Cause of the pessimistic habit of
thought. -- Competition distinguished from free individual activity. The
latter secured by regulation. An illustration. - Remedy for the evils of
competition and combination. Psychologic basis of economics. — The
prevalent political economy.. Its axioms questioned. -- Economic para-
doxes. The prevailing system of political economy only applicable to
irrational animals. — The advent of reason has replaced the biologic by the
psychologic law.

binations.

- Trusts.

-

239

CHAPTER XXXIV.

MELIORISM.

The

Psychic factors and progressive faculties. Will and intellect.
prevalent optimistic attitude. - Dissatisfaction considered unreasonable.
Governmental reform. — Origin of government. Government not the only
human institution. - Benefits secured by government. - What constitutes
the artificial? Laissez faire. - The artificial superior to the natural.
The spirit of improvement. - Civilization and progress not necessarily

- The "human nature" argument. Human nature not essentially bad. -

Partial or incom-

plete social aggregates. Universal or complete social aggregates. — Their
uniform object. — Their powers. — Government. School of misarchists.
Who belong to a government? Government as the organ of social con-
- Analogue of the lower ganglia. - Consciousness is a knowl-

edge of a feeling. — Further analogies. The social organism theory only

applicable to the psychic aspect of the case.

sciousness.

-

291

The individual will.

CHAPTER XXXVI.

THE SOCIAL WILL.

All governments representative. Importance of

Governmental failures. Their cause.

-

a homogeneous people.

Analogy

in the individual. · All failures due to ignorance. - Government applies
the direct method of conation.- Functions of government. - Narrow
views that prevail. Sensitiveness of modern governments to the social
will. The powers of government derived not from the consent but from
the expressed will of the governed.

-

361

CHAPTER XXXVII.

THE SOCIAL INTELLECT.

The two fundamental truths. — Early manifestations of the collective
intellect. Attractive legislation. — Ingenuity in law making. — No naturally

evil propensities. Desires can be changed. Education. The organ-
ization of happiness. — Legislative reform. The movement already begun.
-The committee as a scientific body. Administration. - Bureau legisla-
tion. — Value of history. — The statistical method. - No revolution needed.
-Looking backward.

-

-

305