In the following year, 1519, through his high | reformers arguing on the basis of Scripture, reputation for learning, piety, and eloquence, and their opponents from the canon law, and the active influence of his friend Oswald and there being no first principles in common Myconius, Zwingli was appointed preacher at the cathedral of Zurich, and was thus brought into the centre of the political movements of Switzerland. His preaching produced immense excitement, by its novelty, freshness, sincerity, and truthfulness; but while most were charmed, not a few were alarmed and angry. In the autumn of the same year he was attacked by the plague (known then as the great death'), and it was reported that he was dead. He however recovered, and with new vigour, devotedness, and fulness, resumed his work as a teacher of the truth. In 1522 began the action of the court of Rome against the Reformation in Switzerland; the bishop of Constance by letter to the chapter at Zurich attempted to stop the preaching of Zwingli. The latter replied in his Architeles,' and the attempt failed. But an order of the Diet was soon after obtained, which prohibited preaching against the monks. About the same time Zwingli married Anna Reinhold, a widow, the mother of Zwingli's beloved disciple and friend Gerold. He did not make his marriage known till two years later. Meanwhile enmity was growing into persecution, and the reformer was sometimes overwhelmed with the forebodings of evil to come, and the failure of his holiest hopes. Early in 1523 a conference between the advocates and opponents of the new doctrines was held at Zurich, by order of the Great Council; but the discussions, which lasted three days, left the controversy as it was; the to them. Not long after the Reformation was publicly established in Zurich, pictures, statues, &c., were taken out of the churches, and instead of the mass a simple form of celebrating the Lord's Supper was adopted. Education was provided for, and convents were suppressed, just regard being had to the interests of their inmates. In 1528 Zwingli attended the important conferences of Baden, and in 1529 that of Marburg, where he agreed on certain articles of faith with Luther and Melanchthon. Two years later the long-suppressed enmity of the cantons which remained Catholic broke out in open war against Zurich and Berne. Delay, indecision, and half-heartedness among the citizens of Zurich made their cause hopeless; and at the battle of Cappel their handful of disorderly troops was easily destroyed or dispersed by the superior numbers and discipline of the Catholic army. Zwingli fell on that field, October 11, 1531. His body was discovered, burnt and quartered, and his ashes mingled with those of swine, and scattered to the winds. The works of this noble man were published in 1581, in 3 vols. 4to. His Life has been written by Myconius, Hess, Vögelin, Hottinger, and others; and full accounts respecting him may be found in Hottinger's History of the Swiss Reformation,' and Merle d'Aubigné's History of the Reformation in the 16th Century.' The first volume of a new biography, from original sources, by J. C. Moriköfer, appeared early in 1867. I hundred figures forty or fifty feet high, and among them a Lucifer towering like a giant above their heads. This 'great' work procured him immense reputation, and plenty of work. He painted in the Vatican, but quarrelled with and caricatured some of the Pope's attendants, for which he had to leave Rome. In 1574 Zucchero was in England, and while here painted portraits of Queen Elizabeth, Mary Queen of Scots, Sir Nicholas Bacon, and other eminent persons; and also of the queen's huge porter, the last-named being now at Hampton Court. He soon returned to Rome, made his peace with the Pope; was employed in the Escurial in 1586, and in 1595 founded and became first president of the Academy of St. Luke at Rome. He wrote a book on art, entitled 'L'Idea de' Pittori, Scultori e Architetti,' which is severely criticized by Lanzi. Died, at Ancona, 1609. Zumalacarregui, Tomaso, Don, a distinguished Spanish military commander, was born at a village near Villareal, in 1789. He first entered the army as a guerilla officer, under Mina, in 1808, when the French invaded Spain. Being opposed to the new constitutional government, he took an early opportunity of joining the army of the Faith under Quesada, in 1822; and, on the rising of the Navarrese, became general-in-chief of the troops and partisans attached to the cause of Don Carlos. In this service he displayed the greatest skill and bravery, performing the most brilliant exploits, and keeping in check the regular army of Donna Maria, which, under various generals, was sent to oppose him. Died, from a wound he received at the siege of Bilbao, in 1835. Zumpt, Carl Gottlob, a distinguished Latin scholar, was born at Berlin in 1792. He studied at the universities of Heidelberg and Berlin, at the age of twenty entered upon the duties of academical teacher, and became successively Professor at the Joachimsthal Gymnasium, Professor of History at the Military School, and Professor of Roman Literature in the University of Berlin. Zumpt's principal work, the Latin Grammar (Lateinische Grammatik), appeared in 1818, obtained a high reputation, and reached a tenth edition in 1850. An English translation, by Kenrick, was published in 1823, and another, by Schmitz, in 1845. Among the other works of Zumpt are a smaller Latin Grammar (also translated by Schmitz), treatises on various matters of Roman political history, and editions of Roman authors. Died at Karlsbad, June 25, 1849. An account of his life was published by his nephew, August Wilhelm Zumpt, who is also a distinguished philologist. Zurbaran, Francisco, a distinguished Spanish painter, born, 1598. His genius showing itself early, he was sent to Seville, where he studied the art under Juan de las Roelas. His style bears a strong resemblance to, and is probably an imitation of, that of Caravaggio; so that he early acquired the title of the Spanish Caravaggio. Most of his works are at Seville, and among them his picture of St. Thomas Aquinas' is considered the best. He was some time employed at Madrid, and had the title of painter to Philip III. and Philip IV. One of his less important works, but still a characteristic one, a 'Franciscan Monk,' is in the National Gallery. Died at Seville or Madrid, 1662. Zurita, Geronimo, a Spanish historian, was a native of Saragossa. After having been employed in various offices at home, and on a mission to Germany, he was appointed historiographer of Aragon. His principal work is the Annales de la Corona de Aragon.' Born, 1512; died, 1581. Zwingle, or Zwingli, Ulrich, the great reformer of Switzerland, was born at the hamlet of Wildhaus, in the Tockenburg, January 1, 1484, seven weeks after the birth of Luther. His father, an Alpine herdsman, was ammon of the commune, and highly respected for his character as well as his office. Ulrich showed high intellectual endowments in his earliest years, was brought up piously, and after receiving instruction from his uncle, parish priest of Wesen, was sent to study first at Basel, then at Berne, and afterwards at Vienna. At the age of 18 he returned to his native village, but only to quit it again almost immediately, and renew his studies at Basel. He applied himself to scholastic theology, but gave it up in disgust, as a mere waste of time; and soon after rejoiced to hear the teaching of Thomas Wittenbach. Zwingli eagerly studied the classics, and became one of the best scholars of his time. He was also passionately fond of music, and learnt to play well on the flute, the lute, the violin, and other instruments. In 1506 he was ordained priest-he had been master of arts for several years-and accepted the place of pastor of Glarus, which he filled with zeal and devotedness for ten years. Dur ing this period thoughts were working in his mind, which were the germs of the Reformation to come. He twice accompanied the Swiss auxiliaries to the wars in Italy, fought at the battle of Marignano; and used his influence with his countrymen to dissuade them from foreign military service. In 1514 he had visited Erasmus at Basel, and was greatly influenced by his writings. His visits to Italy were of service to him in the same way as such visits were to Luther; making clear to him the evils, errors, and corruptions of the church, and the necessity of reform. The year 1516 Zwingli has noted as the period of the commencement of the Swiss Reformation. That same year he removed to the secluded monastery Einsiedlen, of which he was appointed priest and preacher. His clear and eloquent announcement of Scriptural truth astonished his new hearers, and drew crowds from the surrounding country to hear him. When the friar Sansom appeared in Switzerland, and carried on with matchless impudence the traffic in indulgences, Zwingli boldly opposed him, so that he was refused admission at several places. of In the following year, 1519, through his high reformers arguing on the basis of Scripture, reputation for learning, piety, and eloquence, and their opponents from the canon law, and the active influence of his friend Oswald and there being no first principles in common Myconius, Zwingli was appointed preacher at to them. Not long after the Reformation the cathedral of Zurich, and was thus brought was publicly established in Zurich, pictures, into the centre of the political movements of statues, &c., were taken out of the churches, Switzerland. His preaching produced immense and instead of the mass a simple form of celeexcitement, by its novelty, freshness, sincerity, brating the Lord's Supper was adopted. Eduand truthfulness; but while most were charmed, cation was provided for, and convents were not a few were alarmed and angry. In the suppressed, just regard being had to the interests autumn of the same year he was attacked by of their inmates. In 1528 Zwingli attended the plague (known then as the great death'), the important conferences of Baden, and in and it was reported that he was dead. He 1529 that of Marburg, where he agreed on cerhowever recovered, and with new vigour, tain articles of faith with Luther and Melanchdevotedness, and fulness, resumed his work as thon. Two years later the long-suppressed a teacher of the truth. In 1522 began the enmity of the cantons which remained Catholic action of the court of Rome against the Refor- broke out in open war against Zurich and mation in Switzerland; the bishop of Constance Berne. Delay, indecision, and half-heartedness by letter to the chapter at Zurich attempted to among the citizens of Zurich made their cause stop the preaching of Zwingli. The latter hopeless; and at the battle of Cappel their replied in his Architeles,' and the attempt handful of disorderly troops was easily defailed. But an order of the Diet was soon stroyed or dispersed by the superior numbers after obtained, which prohibited preaching and discipline of the Catholic army. Zwingli against the monks. About the same time fell on that field, October 11, 1531. His body Zwingli married Anna Reinhold, a widow, the was discovered, burnt and quartered, and his mother of Zwingli's beloved disciple and friend ashes mingled with those of swine, and scattered Gerold. He did not make his marriage known to the winds. The works of this noble man were till two years later. Meanwhile enmity was published in 1581, in 3 vols. 4to. His Life growing into persecution, and the reformer was has been written by Myconius, Hess, Vögelin, sometimes overwhelmed with the forebodings of Hottinger, and others; and full accounts reevil to come, and the failure of his holiest specting him may be found in Hottinger's hopes. Early in 1523 a conference between the History of the Swiss Reformation,' and Merle advocates and opponents of the new doctrines d'Aubigné's History of the Reformation in was held at Zurich, by order of the Great the 16th Century.' The first volume of a new Council; but the discussions, which lasted biography, from original sources, by J. C. three days, left the controversy as it was; the Moriköfer, appeared early in 1867. |