v. 55, 8. Yat pūrvyam Maruto yach cha nutanam yad udyate Vasavo yach cha śasyate | viśvasya tasya bhavatha navedasah |

"Be cognizant of all that is ancient, Maruts, and of all that is modern, of all that is spoken, Vasus, and of all that is recited."

....

vi. 17, 13. . . . . Suvīram tvā svāyudham suvajram ā brahma navyam avase vavṛityāt |

"May the new prayer impel thee, the heroic, well-accoutred, the loud-thundering, to succour us." ("New, i.e. never made before by others: prayer, i.e. the hymn made by us" Nutanam anyair akṛitapūrvam | brahma asmābhiḥ kṛitam stotram-Sayana.)

vi. 22, 7. Tam vo dhiyā navyasyā śavishṭham prainam pratna-vat paritamsayadhyai |

"I seek, like the ancients, to stimulate thee, the ancient, with a new hymn."

vi. 34, 1. Sam cha tre jagmur girah Indra purvir vi cha trad ganti vibhvo manishāḥ purā nūnam cha stutayaḥ rishīnām paspṛidhre Indre adhi uktḥārkāḥ |

"Many songs, Indra, are collected in thee; numerous thoughts issue forth from thee; both before and now the praises, texts and hymns of rishis have hastened emulously to Indra."

vi. 44, 13. Yaḥ pūrvyābhir uta nūtanābhir gīrbhir vāvṛidhe grinatām rishīnām |

"He (Indra) who grew through the ancient and modern hymns of lauding rishis." (See R.V. iii. 32, 13, above p. 223.)

vi. 48, 11. Ā sakhāyaḥ subardughām dhenum ajadhvam upa navyasā vachaḥ |

9

"Friends, drive hither the milch cow with a new hymn."

vi. 49, 1. Stushe janam suvratam navyasibhir girbhir Mitrāvarunā sumnayantā |

"With new praises I celebrate the righteous race, with Mitra and Varuna, the beneficent." ("The well-acting race, i.e. the divine race, the company of the gods," sukarmāṇam janam daivyam janam devasangham-Sayana.)

vi. 50, 6. Abhi tyam vīram girvanasam archa Indram brahmanā jaritar navena |

"Sing, o worshipper, with a new hymn, to the heroic Indra, who delights in praise."

• Compare the words ni Agne navyasā vachas tanūshu samsam esham, viii. 39, 2.

vi. 62, 4. Tā navyaso jaramānasya manma upa bhūshato yuyujānasaptī ityādi | 5. Tā valgū dasrā puruśākatamā pratnā navyasā vachasā vivāse |

"4. These (Aśvins), with yoked horses, approach the hymn of their new worshipper. ... 5. I adore with a new hymn these brilliant,

strong, most mighty, and ancient (gods)."

vii. 35, 14, will be quoted in the next section.

vii. 53, 2. Pra pūrvaje pitarā navyasībhir girbhiḥ krinudhvam sadane ritasya ityādi |

"In the place of sacrifice propitiate with new hymns the ancient, the parents" (ie. Heaven and Earth), etc.

vii. 56, 23. Bhūri chakra Marutaḥ pitryāni ukthāni yā vaḥ śasyante pura chit |

"Ye have done great things, o Maruts, when our fathers' hymns were recited of old in your honour."

vii. 59, 4. .... abhi vaḥ āvartt sumatir naviyasi 10 tūyam yāta pipishavaḥ |

"May the new hymn turn you hither; come quickly, desirous to drink."

vii. 61, 6. jujushann imāni |

"May the new hymns made to praise you, may these prayers gratify you."

vii. 93, 1. S'uchim nu stomam nava-jātam adya Indrāgni Vṛittra-hanā jushetham | ubha hi vām suhavā johavīmi ityādi |

"Indra and Agni, slayers of Vṛittra, receive with favour the pure hymn newly produced to-day. For again and again do I invoke you who lend a willing ear," etc.

viii. 5, 24. Tābhir āyātam ūtibhir navyasībhiḥ suśastibhiḥ yad vāṁ vṛishanvasu huve |

"Come with those same succours, since I invoke you, bountiful [deities], with new praises." (The epithet navyasībhiḥ in this text might possibly be construed with the word ūtibhiḥ, “aids.”)

viii. 6, 11. Aham pratnena manmanā giraḥ śumbhāmi Kanva-vat | yena Indraḥ śushmam id dadhe |

10 The same words, sumatir navīyasī, occur in viii. 92, 9, where they may not have the same sense as here.

"I decorate my praises with an ancient hymn, after the manner of Kanva, whereby Indra put on strength."

viii. 6, 43. Imām su pūrvyām dhiyam madhor ghṛitasya pipyushim Kanvāḥ ukthena vavṛidhuḥ |

"The Kanvas with their praise have augmented this ancient hymn, replenished with sweet butter."

viii. 12, 10. Iyam te ṛitviyāvatī dhītir eti navīyasî saparyantī ityādi | "This new and solemn hymn advances to honour thee," etc.

viii. 20, 19. Yūnaḥ u su navishthayā vṛishnaḥ pāvakān abhi Sobhare girā | gāya ityādi |

"Sing, o Sobhari, with a new hymn to these youthful, vigorous, and brilliant (gods).

viii. 23, 14. S'rushți Agne navasya me stomasya vīra vispate vi māyinas tapushā rakshaso daha |

"Heroic Agni, lord of the people, on hearing my new hymn, burn up with thy heat the deluding Rakshases."

viii. 25, 24. .... Kaśāvantā viprā navishṭhayā matī | maho vājināv arvantā sachā asanam |

"I have celebrated at the same time with a new hymn, these tw sage and mighty [princes], strong, swift, and carrying whips."

....

viii. 39, 6. Agnir veda marttānām apīchyam . . . . Agnir dvārā vyürnute svahuto navīyasā |

"Agni knows the secrets of mortals.... Agni, invoked by a new [hymn], opens the doors."

viii. 40, 12. Eva Indrāgnibhyām pitṛi-vad navīyo Māndhātṛi - vad Angiras-vad avāchi ityādi |

"Thus has a new [hymn] been uttered to Indra and Agni after the manner of our fathers, and of Mandhātṛi, and of Angiras."

viii. 41, 2. Tam ū shu samanā girā pitṛīņām cha manmabhiḥ Nābhākasya prasastibhir yaḥ sindhūnām upa udaye sapta-svasā sa madhyamaḥ |

"[Worship] him (Varuna) continually with a song, with the hymns of the fathers," and with the praises of Nabhāka. He who dwells at the

"The expression here employed, pitṛīnām cha manmabhiḥ, occurs also in R.V. x. 57, 3 (=Vāj. S. 3, 53): Mano nu ā huvāmahe nārāśamsena somena pitṛīnām cha manmabhiḥ | “We summon his soul with Soma, accompanied by human praises, and with the hymns of the fathers." The Vājasaneyi Sanhitā reads stomena, "hymn,” instead of somena. The commentator there explains nārāśamsena stomena as "a hymn

birth-place of the streams, the lord of the seven sisters, abides in the centre." (This verse is quoted in the Nirukta x. 5. Nābhāka is said

by Yaska to have been a rishi (rishir Nābhāko babhūva). A translation of the passage is given in Roth's Illustrations of the Nir. p. 135, where reference is also made to two verses of the preceding hymn (viii. 40, 4, 5), in which Năbhāka (the ancestor of Nābhāka) is mentioned thus: (verse 4) Abhyarcha Näbhāka-vad Indrāgnī yajasā girā.... (verse 5) Pra brahmāni Năbhāka-vad Indrāgnibhyām irajyata | "Worship Indra and Agni with sacrifice and hymn, like Năbhāka . . . . Like Năbhāka, direct your prayers to Indra and Agni." In explanation of the seven sisters, Roth refers to Nir. v. 27 (R.V. viii. 58, 12) where the seven rivers are mentioned. See his Illustrations of Nir. pp. 70, 71.

viii. 44, 12. Agniḥ pratnena manmanā śumbhānas tanvam svām kaviḥ viprena vavridhe |

"The wise Agni, illuminating his own body at [the sound of] the sage and ancient hymn, has become augmented."

viii. 55, 11. Vayam gha te apurvyā Indra brahmäni vṛittrahan | purutamāsaḥ puruhūta vajrivo bhṛitim na pra bharāmasi |

"Indra, slayer of Vrittra, thunderer, invoked of many, we [thy] numerous [worshippers] bring to thee, as thy hire, hymns which never before existed."

viii. 63, 7, 8. Iyam te navyasi matir Agne adhāyi asmad ā mandra sujāta sukrato amūra dasma atithe | să te Agne santamā chanishṭhā bhavatu priyā tayā vardhasva sushṭutah |

"O Agni, joyful, well-born, strong, unerring, and wondrous guest, this new hymn has been offered to (or, made for) thee by us; may it be dear to thee, agreeable and pleasant: lauded by it, do thou increase."

viii. 65, 5, 6..... Indram girbhir havāmahe | Indram pratnena manmanā marutvantam havāmahe ityādi | 12. (=S.V. ii. 340.) Vacham ashṭāpadīm aham nava-sraktim rita-spṛiśam | Indrāt pari tanvam mame |

"5. We invoke Indra with songs; we invoke Indra, attended by the Maruts, with an ancient hymn. 12. I compose for the sake of

....

in which men are praised," and pitṛīņām cha manmabhiḥ, as hymns "in which the father sare reverenced" (pitaro yaiḥ stotrair manyante te manmānas tair ityādi). See Prof. Max Müller's translation of this hymn in the Journal of Roy. As. Soc. for 1866, pp. 449 and 458.

Indra a hymn of eight feet and nine lines, abounding in sacred truth." (This verse is translated and explained by Professor Benfey, Sama-veda, p. 255.)

ix. 9, 8. Nu navyase navīyase sūktāya sādhaya pathaḥ | pratna-vad rochaya ruchaḥ |

"Prepare (o Soma) the paths for our newest, most recent, hymn; and, as of old, cause the lights to shine."

ix. 42, 2. Esha pratnena manmanā devo devebhyaḥ pari | dhārayā pavate sutaḥ |

"This god, poured forth to the gods, with an ancient hymn, purifies with his stream."

ix. 91, 5. Sa pratna-vad navyase viśva-vāra sūktāya pathaḥ kṛinuhi prāchaḥ ityādi |

"O god, who possessest all good, make, as of old, forward paths for this new hymn."

ix. 99, 4 (S.V. ii. 983). Tam gāthayā purāṇyā punānam abhi anūshata | uto kṛipanta dhitayo devānām nāma bibhratīḥ |

"They praised the pure god with an ancient song; and hymns embracing the names of the gods have supplicated him." (Benfey translates the last clause differently.)

x. 4, 6. . . . . Iyam te Agne navyasi manīshā yukshva ratham na śuchayadbhir angaiḥ |

"This is for thee, Agni, a new hymn: yoke thy car as it were with shining parts."

x. 89, 3. Samānam asmai anapāvṛid archa kshmayā divo asamam brahma navyam ityādi |

"Sing (to Indra) without ceasing a new hymn, worthy of him, and unequalled in earth or heaven."

x. 91, 13. Imām pratnāya sushṭutim naviyasim vocheyam asmai usate śrinotu naḥ |

"I will address to this ancient [deity] my new praises, which he desires; may he listen to us."

....

x. 96, 11. . . . . Navyam navyam haryasi manma nu priyam ityādi | "Thou delightest in ever new hymns, which are dear to thee," etc. x. 160, 5. Aśvāyanto garyanto vājayanto havāmahe tra upa gantavai u | ābhūshantas te sumatau navāyām vayam Indra tvā śunam huvema | "Desiring horses, cattle, and wealth, we invoke thee to approach us,