Crises in Foreign Policy: A Simulation Analysis

affective conflict alternative search ambiguity American Anticipation behavior Blair House blockade capabilities characteristics chi square test communication compared to noncrisis considered content analysis contraction of authority crises crisis and noncrisis crisis as compared crisis situations crisis traits crisis-noncrisis samples Cuba Cuban missile crisis decision unit decision-making definition of crisis dimensions directional hypoth dissonance esis was formed ExCom experimental situation Extended goal priority High Threat high threat-short hostile inaction increase indicated Inter-Nation Simulation international politics intervening variables Kennedy Korean decision Mann-Whitney U Differences measure military missile crisis national goals noncrisis situations Northwestern University nuclear null hypothesis number of alternatives occur Paired Samples Hypothesis participants perceived policy makers pothesis President problem situation Quemoy questionnaire ratings reported p values response search for alternatives Short significant simulation data South Korea Soviet Union statistical Surprise Table tion Total Truman United Nations values are 2-tailed World Bank York