them, when they obtained the power, for parting with it on good terms.

But when I have thus far advocated for the enemies, I must be very free to state the crimes of this bloody war, by the events of it.

It is manifest there were among them, from the beginning, a party who aimed at the very root of the government, and at the very thing which they brought to pass, viz. the deposing and murdering their sovereign; and as the devil is always master where mischief is the work, this party prevailed, turned the other out of doors, and overturned all that little honesty that might be in the first beginning of this unhappy

strife.

had used him honourably, placed a new guard upon him, dismissed the commissioners, and put a stop to the treaty; and, following their blow, marched to London, placed regiments of foot at the parliament-house door; and, as the members came up, seized upon all those whom they had down in a list as promoters of the settlement and treaty, and would not suffer them to enter; but the rest, who, being of their own stamp, are permitted to pass, carried on the designs of the army, revived their votes of non-addresses to the king, and then, upon the army's petition, to bring all delinquents to justice, the mask was thrown off, the word all is declared to be meant the king, as well as every man else they pleased. It is too sad a story, and too much a matter of The consequence of this was, the presbytegrief to me, and to all good men, to renew the rians saw their error when it was too late, and blackness of those days when law and justice then would gladly have joined the royal party, were under the feet of power; the army ruled to have supressed this new leaven which had the parliament, the private officers their gene-infected the lump; and this is very remarkable, rals, the common soldiers their officers, and con- that most of the first champions of this war, who fusion was in every part of the government; in bore the brunt of it, when the king was powerful this hurry they sacrificed their king, and shed the and prosperous, and when there was nothing to blood of the English nobility without mercy. be got by it but blows, first or last, were so ill The history of the times will supply the parti- used by this independent powerful party, who culars which I omit, being willing to confine tripped up the heels of all their honesty, that myself to my own accounts and observations; I they were either forced, by ill treatment, to take was now no more an actor, but a melancholy ob-up arms on our side, or suppressed and reduced servator of the misfortunes of my royal master by them. and his friends.

I had given my parole not to take up arms against the parliament, and I saw nothing to invite me to engage on their side; I saw a world of confusion in all their councils, and I always expected that in a chain of distractions, as it generally falls out, the last link would be destruction; and though I pretended to no prophecy, yet the progress of affairs has brought it to pass, and I have seen Providence, who suffered, for the correction of this nation, the sword to govern and devour us, has at last brought de- || struction by the sword upon the head of most of the party who first drew it.

If, together with the brief account of what concern I had in the active part of the war, I leave behind me some of my own remarks and observations, it may be pertinent enough to my design, and not unuseful to posterity.

I observed, by the sequel of things, that it may be some excuse to the first parliament, who began this war, to say that they manifested their designs were not aimed at the monarchy, nor their quarrel at the person of the king; because, when they had him in their power, though against his will, they would have restored both his person and dignity as a king, only loading it with such clogs of the people's power as they at first pretended to; that is to say, the militia, and the power of naming the great officers at court, and the like; which powers, it was never denied, had been stretched too far in the beginning of this king's reign, and several things done illegally, which his majesty had been sensible of and was willing to rectify; but they, having obtained the power by victory, resolved so to secure themselves as that, whenever they laid down their arms, the king should not be able to do the like again.

And thus far they were not to be so much blamed; and we did not, on own part, blame

In this the justice of Providence seemed very conspicuous, that these having pushed all things by violence against the king, and by arms and force brought him to their will, were at once both robbed of the end, their church government, and punished for drawing their swords against their masters, by their own servants drawing the sword against them; and God, in his due time, punished the others too.

And, what was yet further strange, the pu nishment of this crime of making war against their king, singled out those very men, both in the army and in the parliament, who were the greatest champions of the presbyterian cause in the council and in the field. Some minutes, too, of circumstances I cannot forbear observing, though they are not very material, as to the fatality and revolutions of days and times.

A Roman Catholic gentleman, of Lancashire, a very religious man in his way, who had observed mightily the fatality of times, places, and actions, being at my father's house, was discoursing once upon the just judgment of God in dating his providences, so as to signify to us his displeasure at particular circumstances; and, among the number of collections he had made, the following were some which I took particular notice of.

1. That King Edward VI died the same day of the same month in which he caused the altar to be taken down, and the image of the Blessed Virgin in the cathedral of St Paul's.

2. Archbishop Cranmer was burnt at Oxford the same day and month that he gave King Henry VIII advice to divorce his Queen Catherine.

3. Queen Elizabeth died the same day and month that she resolved, in her privy council, to behead the Queen of Scots.

4. King James died the same day that he pub "lished his book against Cardinal Bellarmine.

bers, which all his friends blamed him for, the same day the rump voted bringing his majesty to trial, after they had set by the Lords for noting for the king, on the 5th of September, 1651, agreeing to it, which was the 3rd of January, 1648-49.

the present of fifty thousand pounds, the 3rd of May, 1660.

14. The same day the parliament passed the act for recognition of Oliver Cromwell, October the 13th, 1654, Lambert broke the parliament and set up the army, October the 13th, 1659.

Some other observations I have made, which, as not so pertinent, I forbear to publish, among which I have noted the fatality of some days to parties, as,

The 2nd of September, Essex defeated in Cornwall; Oliver died; city works demolished: for the king.

The 2nd of September, the fight at Dunbar; the fight at Worcester; the oath against a single person past; Oliver's first parliament called: for the enemy.

The 29th of May, Prince Charles born; Leicester taken by storm; King Charles II restored: for the king.

Fatality of circumstances in this unhappy war,

1. The English parliament called in the Scots to invade their king, and are invaded themselves by the same Scots, in defence of the king whose case and the design of the parliament the Scots had mistaken.

2. The Scots, who unjustly assisted the parliament to conquer their lawful sovereign, contrary to their oath of allegiance, and without any pretence on the king's part, are afterwards absolutely conquered and subdued by the same parliament they assisted.

3. The parliament, who raised an army to depose their king, deposed by the very army they had raised.

4. The army broke three parliaments, and are at last broken by a free parliament, and all they had done by the military power undone at once by the civil.

5. Abundance of the chief men, who, by their fiery spirits involved the nation in a civil war, and took up arms against their prince, first or last met with ruin and disgrace from their own party.

1. Sir John Hotham and his son, who struck the first stroke, both beheaded or hanged by the parliament.

2. Major-general Massey three times taken prisoner by them, and once wounded at Wor

cester.

3. Major-general Langhorn; 4. Colonel Poyer; and 5. Colonel Powell, changed sides, and at last taken, could obtain no other favour than to draw lots for their lives; Colonel Poyer drew the dead lot, and was shot to death.

6. Earl of Holland, who, when the house voted who should be reprieved, Lord Goring, who had been their worst enemy, or the Earl of Holland, who, excepting one offence, had been their constant servant, voted Goring to be spared, and the earl to die.

7. The Earl of Essex, their first general. 8. Sir William Waller.

great errors, one of the king, and the other of his friends.

Of the king, that when he was in their custody, and at their mercy, he did not comply with their propositions of peace, before their army, for want of employment, fell into heats and mutinies; that he did not at first grant the Scots their own conditions, which, if he had done, he had gone into Scotland; and then, if the English would have fought the Scots for him, he had a reserve of his loyal friends who would have had room to have fallen in with the Scots to his assistance, who were afterwards dispersed and destroyed in small parties attempting to serve him.

While his majesty remained at Newcastle the queen wrote to him, persuading him to make peace upon any terms; and, in politics, her majesty's advice was certainly the best for however low he was brought by a peace, it must have been better than the condition he was

then in.

The error I mention of the king's friends was this, that after they saw all was lost, they could not be content to sit still and reserve themselves for better fortunes, and wait the happy time when the divisions of the enemy would bring them to certain ruin; but must hasten their own miseries by frequent fruitless risings, in the face of a victorious enemy, in small parties; and I always found these effects from it :

First, the enemy, who were always together by the ears when they were let alone, were united and reconciled when we gave them any interruption; as particularly, in the case of the first assault the army made upon them, when Colonel Pride with his regiment garbled the house, as they called it; at that time a fair opportunity offered; but it was omitted till it was too late that insult upon the house had been attempted the year before, but was hindered by the little insurrections of the royal party, and the sooner they had fallen out the better

Secondly-These risings being desperate, with vast disadvantages, and always suppressed, ruined all our friends; the remnants of the cavaliers were lessened, the stoutest and most daring were cut off, and the king's interest exceedingly weakened, there not being less than thirty thousand of his best friends cut off in the several attempts made at Maidstone, Colehester, Lancashire, Pembroke, Pontefract, Kingston, Preston, Warrington, Worcester, and other places. Had these men all reserved fortunes to a conjunction with the Scots at either of the invasions they made into this kingdom, and acted with the conduct and courage they were known masters of, perhaps neither of those Scotch armies had been defeated.

But the impatience of our friends ruined all; for my part, i was as willing to put my hand to the ruin of the enemy as any of them, but I never saw any tolerable appearance of a force able to match the enemy, and I had no mind to be beaten and then hanged. Had we let them alone, they would have fallen into so many parties and factions, and so effectually have torn one another to pieces, that whichsoever party had come to us, we should, with them, have In all these confusions I have observed two been too hard for all the rest.

9. Lieutenant-general Ludlow.

All disgusted and voted out of the army, though they had stood the first shock of the war, to make way for the new model of the army, and to introduce a party.

This was plain by the course of things after- || the presbyterians, who began the war, ended wards; when the independent army had ruffled it; and, to be rid of their enemies, rather than the presbyterian parliament, the soldiery of that for any love to the monarchy, restored King party made no scruple to join us, and would Charles the Second, and brought him in on the have restored the king with all their hearts, and very day that they themselves had formerly many of them did join us at last. resolved the ruin of his father's government, being the 29th of May, the same day twenty years that the private cabal in London concluded their secret league with the Scots to embroil his father, King Charles the First.

And the consequence, though late, ended so; for they fell out so many times, army and parliament, parliament and army, and alternately pulled one another down so often, till at last

NOTES.

(Note 1.) The protestant diet at Leipsic was begun Feb. 8, 1630, and continued to April 3, 1631. Four principal reasons were assigned for the congress. that whereas the Duke of Saxony had, in the time of the diet of Frankfort, written advice unto the emperour, of the King of Sweden's approaching, the emperour tells him againe, how he hoped that himselfe (Saxon) and Brandenburg would well abide him. By which answer, Saxony perceived a new bill of charges comming upon the protestants next those parts where the King of || Sweden was landed. The second was this: The round course taken by the emperour for the recovery of the church-lands. A third was this: That rigide course (taken by advice of the jesuites) for reformation of the protestant churches and schooles, and the forbidding of the libertie of the Augustane Confession. The fourth was, that decree of the emperour's for the continuance of the warres against the King of Sweden."-The Swedish Intelligencer, Part I, London, 1634. iv. p. 20.

"The first of these four was this:

(Note 2.) Of these levies the Elector of Saxony was to raise six regiments; Brandenburgh three; each of the circles of Swabia, the Rhine, and Franconia, three; Lower Saxony one. Each regiment of foot was to consist of 3,000, and of horse 1,000.-Ib. p. 28.

which he made 568 shot that same day: his intnt being to cut that passage off, that the town by it might send no succours to the foresaid sconce, or toll-house; but the General Falkenburg conveniently flanking some paces upon the toll-house, quite at last dismantled the enemies cannon. This not succeeding, Tilly falls pellmell at once upon both these places, giving eight several assaults unto them: but the Lord Falkenburg, with four whole cannon double charged with stones, old iron, &c. about 12 o'clocke at night, made them to give over. Some prisoners the next day taken, confesse there were 2,000 men that day slain of the assailants. This tollhouse was a notable piece of fortification, built on the other side the Elbe. To this Tilly now turned all his battery; heere he falls to myning, and all to no purpose. On the 15th, both by land and water he layes at it; but 300 muskettiers being by him sent in boates to assaile it on the water's side, were by those of the fort driven ashoare, and either all drownd or slaine by the citizens; 200 also at the same time lost their lives on the land side. Now was there newes brought into Tillie's campe, of the King of Sweden's being upon his march, for the relieving of the besieged; a council of warre thereupon being called, some troups are sent towards Wittenberg and the Dessau bridge, there to stave off the king's forces. The newes of his coming againe slackning, April 21, to worke he fals againe; and giving on upon the toll-house, that notable piece is forsaken by the Magdeburgers; who, at their retreate, offering to fire it, the place was rescued by the Imperialists. Upon this, were all the forts on that side of the Elbe either taken or given over; the bridge also by Tilly burned, and approaches made unto the city; which was from thence immediately battered. Now were the besieged forced to burne their own New Towne; where 2,000 Imperialists immediately lodging themselves, fell to mining, and shooting of granadoes into the city. The 29th, by a sally out upon these in the New Towne, are some 100 slaine. The mynes doe no hurt, until one Fa|| renback, a notable engineer, takes them in hand;

(Note 3.) The storming of Magdeburg by John Tsercla, Count of Tilly, has always been considered as one of the most horrible butcheries which occurred in any war, and has only been paralleled by the conquerors of Ishmael and Warsaw in our days. The anniversary is still commemorated by the inhabitants; and their panic, during the late disgraceful siege, was considerably increased by the recollection. The following is the account of the siege in the 'Swedish Intelligencer' :- Upon the 12th of April, Tilly first presents himselfe in full battaglia within a mile of the city; at which time believed it was, that he would at least have fallen upon the great star-sconce, or toll-house, by the old Elbe; but that day attempted he no more than to beat some guards out of their redoubts into the city. The 13th he laies his siege; himself, Pappenheim, Savelli, Holstein, and Mansfeldt, round begirting it. This done, twelve pieces of cannon It is still one of the strongest fortifications belonging are placed against the bridge over the Elbe, upon to the town, and denominated Stern-Schanze.

Wallons would give quarter to few; and the Crabats+ never used to give or beg any; so that all were killed. May 12th, came Tilly into the towne, and finding some hundreds of women and children in the church, he gives them their lives, and some bread too; next day he forbids pillaging. Upon Sunday, May 15th, because he would have his cathedrall as like to Rome as might be, that is, dedicated in blood, he causes it to be cleansed and new consecrated; masse and Te Deum being sung in it, in thanksgiving for the victory. Future ages may perhaps compare the destruction of this goodly city unto that of Troy or of Jerusalem."

(Note 4.) The accession of King James to the throne of England, and the subsequent pacificetion of the borders and Highlands, had not destroyed the restless and impatient valour of the Scots. When the war in Germany broke out, several chieftains raised regiments chiefly at their own expense. Among these was Sir Houcheon Mackay, who had often been proceeded against for his predatory excursions into Sutherland. Upon his return from Germany, he was, for his services, created Lord Reay. Various methods of raising recruits were employed, and the following curious song, printed from an an cient MS., contributed probably not a little to increase the number of volunteers:

All brave lads that would haisard for honour,
Hark! how Bellona her trumpet doth blow;
Mars, with many a warlike banner,

Bravely displayed invits yow to go!
Germani, Suedden, Denmarke, are smoking
With a crew of brave lads others provoking,
All in their armour bright,

who sappes himselfe under the towne-ditches to the very hard wals, which he much shakes, by springing of a mine; in return of which service and some others, the emperor makes him a colonell, granting him commission to raise two new regiments. May 2. The Imperialists in the new city, having suddenly in the night-time cast up a battery, shrewdly punish the besieged. May 7. General Tilly comes himselfe into the new towne, together with Pappenheim, then generall of the ordnance, and the count of Schomberg, sergeant. major-generall; and a great shew of ladders is made, as if there were a purpose of a general scaladoe. Tillie's hope was, that the towne would presently parly, upon sight of these preparations; but they, taking the alarme at it, instantly manne all their bulwarks. The 8th day is spent in shooting at a certain high tower, from which the towne-cannon much plagued the besiegers. This day Tilley sends a trumpet to summon the towne; they send another to him to signify their willingness to yield, might but their administrator still enjoy his bishopricke, and the towne their priviledges. This not consented to,|| the 9th day Pappenheim attempting to scale the wals, is by a sally beaten off; in which some of the enemies' mines being discovered, are by countermines in the towne defeated. That day is another trumpet sent into the towne. Towards evening, was there much bustling observed, and carriages to and againe in the enemies' leaguer: yea, they were perceived to rise with their whole army (as the towne thought), and march to Offensleben, half a mile from them. All that night was the Lord Falkenburg upon the wals; who perceiving in the morning no danger of assault, cals the city together into the state-horse, to give answer to the enemies' trumpet; yea, so secure they were, that the over-watcht souldiers are suffered to go from their courts of guarde to take some sleepe; and some say, that the townesmen are gone to church to give God thanks for their deliverance from the siege. Thus, the wals being found empty, about seven in the morning, May 10th, Pappenheim having given the word, Jesu-Maria, to his souldiers, and a white string about their armes, makes towards the Heideker port; where, having thrown turfs and faggots into the ditch to fill it, thorow it, up to the middle, the Imperialists runne, with scaling ladders upon their backs. The walls are in a trice mounted, the towne entered, and the souldiers fall to killing. Falkenburg now flying in upon them, beates them back to the wals againe; but a port being by this tyme opened, and the enemies' horse let in, the valiant Falkenburg is slayne with a shot; the administrator hurt both in the thigh and head, and so taken. Whilst all thus goes to wraike, a mighty fire breakes out (howe, none knowes,) and it being a great windy day, all was on the sudden become one great flame, the whole towne being in twelve houres space utterly burnd to cinders, excepting 139 houses. Šix goodly churches are burnt: the cathedrall, together with St. Marie's church and cloister, were by the monkes and souldiers diligently preserved. Twenty thousand people, at least, were killed, burned, and smoothered; syxe thousand being The Croats, who rendered themselves so famous in observed to be drowned in the Elbe. Tilly's "ticly formed into regular regiments. the seven years' war, and were by Joseph 11 very impoll

Daisling great Cesar's sight,

Summons you to ane fight! Tan la ra ra.

O, Viva! Viva! Gustavus we cry!
Heir we shall either won honour or dye!
Thow that riseth before the day dawing,
Mounted cre Phoebus saluteth the morne,
Yofling, crying, youlling, yelling,

Lyk ane citie swyne summonds out with an horne.
What honour canst thou gain by thy conquisht attending,
When thou hes brought a poor baist to their ending!
Please your yelping hounds,

And hear our martial sounds,

Till all the hills resounds: Tan la ra ra!

Fy, boyes! fy, boyes! leave it not there,
For honour is not gotten by hounting the hair,
Thou fyne thing, that still art resorting,

In princes pallaces deckt up like an ap,
Flattering, fawning, cringing, and courting,
Changing each moment in a new munkish shape;
Thinkest thow that a denti thing, or a fyne galliard,
Or that my ladies glove honours appallart,
Or Madams sqwivering voice,

Or such a fidling noice,

Sounding like, Sa Sa boyes! Tan la ra ra!

Up, lads up, lads! up and advance,
For honour's not gotten by a cringe or a dance.
Thow that on thy pillow lyes sleiping,

Pampert with pleasures, and pufft up with pride,
And in thy armes a wanton keeping,

Thinking ther is no heavns besyd,

Slave to the womens lust, when thou doeth mount her,
What honour canst thou gain by thy raincounter!
Shame so the shall remain,

When we shall honour gain,

Where many a hero's slain! Tan ta ra ra.

* Soldiers raised in the Netherlands.