Front cover image for The world's writing systems

The world's writing systems

Peter T. Daniels (Editor), William Bright (Editor)
From the Publisher: Ranging from cuneiform to shorthand, from archaic Greek to modern Chinese, from Old Persian to modern Cherokee, this is the only available work in English to cover all of the world's writing systems from ancient times to the present. Describing scores of scripts in use now or in the past around the world, this unusually comprehensive reference offers a detailed exploration of the history and typology of writing systems. More than eighty articles by scholars from over a dozen countries explain and document how a vast array of writing systems work-how alphabets, ideograms, pictographs, and hieroglyphics convey meaning in graphic form. The work is organized in thirteen parts, each dealing with a particular group of writing systems defined historically, geographically, or conceptually. Arranged according to the chronological development of writing systems and their historical relationships within geographical areas, the scripts are divided into the following sections: the ancient Near East, East Asia, Europe, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East. Additional parts address the ongoing process of decipherment of ancient writing systems; the adaptation of traditional scripts to new languages; new scripts invented in modern times; and graphic symbols for numerical, music, and movement notation. Each part begins with an introductory article providing the social and cultural context in which the group of writing systems was developed. Articles on individual scripts detail the historical origin of the writing system, its structure (with tables showing the forms of the written symbols), and its relationship to the phonology of the corresponding spoken language. Each writing system is illustrated by a passage of text, and accompanied by a Romanized version, a phonetic transcription, and a modern English translation. A bibliography suggesting further reading concludes each entry. Matched by no other work in English, The World's Writing Systems is the only comprehensive resource covering every major writing system. Unparalleled in its scope and unique in its coverage of the way scripts relate to the languages they represent, this is a resource that anyone with an interest in language will want to own, and one that should be a part of every library's reference collection
Print Book, English, 1996
Oxford University Press, New York, 1996
Encyclopedias
xlv, 920 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm
9780195079937, 0195079930
31969720
Contributors
Preface
Abbreviations, conventions, and definitions
Part 1: Grammatology
Introduction / Peter T Daniels
Section 1: Study of writing systems / Peter T Daniels
Grammatology
History of the study of writing
typology of writing systems
Study of writing
Related topics
Part 2: Ancient Near Eastern Writing Systems
Introduction / Peter T Daniels
Section 2: First civilizations / Peter T Daniels
Forerunners of writing
Interconnections
Significance of the alphabet
Undeciphered scripts
Section 3: Mesopotamian cuneiform
Origin / Piotr Michalowski
Sumerian and Akkadian / Jerrold S. Cooper
Basic cuneiform syllabary
Other languages / Gene B Graff
Section 4: Egyptian writing / Robert K Ritner
Hieroglyphic
Hieratic
Demotic
Meroitic script / NB Millet
Section 5: Epigraphic Semitic scripts / M O'Connor
Scripts in the Bronze Age (2000-1200 BCE)
Scripts in the Iron Age and later times (from1200 BCE)
Salient features of carious groups of texts
Iberian scripts / Pierre Swiggers
Berber scripts / M O'Connor
Section 6: Anatolian hieroglyphs / H Craig Melchert
Usage and history
General characteristics
Signs
Section 7: Aegean scripts / Emmett K Bennett
Linear B
Scripts of Cyprus
Minoan Linear A
Pictographic or Cretan Hieroglyphic script
Phaistos disk
Section 8: Old Persian cuneiform / David D Testen
Part 3: Decipherment
Introduction / Peter T Daniels
Section 9: Methods of decipherment / Peter T Daniels
Types of decipherment
Processes in decipherment
Accounts of decipherment
Section 10: Proto-Elamite script / Robert K Englund
History of decipherment
Basic characteristics of Proto-Elamite script and texts
Section 11: Indus script / Asko Parpola
Historical background and development
Obstacles to decipherment
Characteristics
Section 12: Maya and other Mesoamerican scripts / Martha J Marcri
Logographic/syllabic scripts
Codified pictorial systems
Section 13: Rongorongo of Easter Island / Martha J Macri
Progress in decipherment
Linguistic approach to decipherment
Part 4: East Asian Writing Systems
Introduction / William G Boltz
Section 14: Early Chinese writing / William G Boltz
Unit characters
Compound characters
Section 15: Modern Chinese writing / Victor H Mair
Relationship to the Chinese languages
Reform
Section 16: Japanese writing / Janet S (Shibamoto) Smith
Kanji
Hiragana and katakana
Romaji
Other script elements
Direction, punctuation, and organization of texts
Conclusion
Section 17: Korean writing / Ross King
Chinese writing in Korea
Hankul: general characteristics
Symbols
Orthography and letter shapes
Relationship of Hankul to other scripts
Section 18: Siniform scripts of inner Asia
Tangut / E I Kychanov
Kitan and Jurchin / Gyorgy Kara
Section 19: Yi script / Dingxu Shi
Classic Yi
Modern Yi
Section 20: Asian calligraphy / John Stevens
Comparative table of Sinitic characters
Comparative table of Sinitic characters
Part 5: European Writing Systems
Introduction / Peter T Daniels
Section 21: Transmission of the Phoenician script to the West / Pierre Swiggers
Geographical and chronological aspects
Linguistic aspects
Problems
Observations
Section 22: Greek alphabet / Leslie Threatte
Symbols
Diacritical marks and punctuation
Numerals
Anatolian alphabets / Pierre Swiggers and Wolfgang Jenniges
Phrygian
Pamphylian and Sidetic
Lycian
Lydian
Carian
Other languages
Coptic alphabet / Robert K Ritner
Gothic alphabet / Ernest Ebbinghaus
Special features
Section 23: Scripts of Italy / Larissa Bonfante
Etruscan
Other languages and scripts of Italy
Section 24: Roman alphabet / Stan Knight
Ancient Roman scripts
Regional hands
Insular scripts
Carolingian Minuscule
Gothic scripts
Humanist scripts
Cursive writing from the sixteenth century
Printed word
Section 25: Runic script / Ralph W V Elliott
Later developments
Section 26: Ogham / Damian McManus
Script
Section 27: Slavic alphabets / Paul Cubberley
Historical background
Forms of letters and phonological fit in old alphabets
Glagolitic: later history
Cyrillic: later history
Orthography and phonotactics in Russian
Section 28: Armenian alphabet / Avedis K Sanjian
Symbols
Symbol-sound correspondences
Orthographic change and script reform
Section 29: Georgian alphabet / Dee Ann Holisky
Sound-symbol correspondance
Development of mxedruli. Part 6: South Asian Writing Systems
Introduction / Richard G Salomon
Section 30: Brahmi and Kharoshthi / Richard G Salomon
Systemic features
Linguistic features
Functions
Origins
Development
Section 31: Devanagari script / William Bright
Symbols
Specific features
Correspondences
Relations to other scripts
Section 32: Gujarati writing / PJ Mistry
Symbols
Specific features
Section 33: Gurmukhi script / Harjeet Singh Gill
Consonants
Vowels and accessory signs
Tones
Section 34: Bengali writing / Tista Bagchi
Differences in inventory of characters
Script-to-pronunciation correspondences
Clusters
Section 35: Oriya writing / BP Mahapatra
Symbols
Conjunct consonants
Distinctive characteristics
Section 36: Sinhala writing / James W Gair
Symbols
Correspondence of speech to writing
Section 37: Kannada and Telugu writing / William Bright
Symbols
Characteristic features
Correspondences
Section 38: Malayalam writing / K P Mohanan
Section 39: Tamil writing / Sanford B Steever
Historical background
Description
Adequacy in representing Tamil phonology
Trends
Section 40: Tibetan script and derivatives / Leonard W J van der Kuijp
Symbols and specific features
Additional features
Lepcha script
Phags pa script
Part 7: Southeast Asian Writing Systems
Introduction / Christopher Court
Section 41: Spread of Brahmi script into Southeast Asia / Christopher Court
Beginnings of writing
Indigenization of Indian scripts
Section 42: Burmese writing / Julian J Wheatley
History
Symbols
General characteristics
Pronunciation
Miscellaneous signs and modifications
Section 43: Thai and Lao writing / Anthony Diller
Development
Consonant symbols
Vowel symbols
Tone rules
Numerals and other symbols
Section 44: Khmer writing / Eric Schiller
Symbols
Correspondences
Punctuation and numerals
Section 45: Insular Southeast Asian scripts / Joel C Kuipers and Ray McDermott
Structure and historical continuity: the Holle charts
Cultural uses of the writing systems of Insular
Southeast Asia
Arresting case: the Hanunoo of Mindoro, Philippines
Part 8: Middle Eastern Writing Systems
Introduction / Peter T Daniels
Section 46: Jewish scripts / Richard L Goerwitz
From Phoenician to Aramaic to Jewish script
From consonants to vowels
Codification of the medieval script
Section 47: Aramaic scripts for Aramaic languages / Peter T Daniels
Classical Syriac
Modern Aramaic / Robert D Hoberman
Mandaic / Peter T Daniels
Section 48: Aramaic scripts for Iranian languages / P Oktor Skjaerovo
Orthographic principles
Developments from Imperial Aramaic
Developments from Estrangelo Syriac
Developments from Nestorian Syriac
Section 49: Aramaic scripts for Altaic languages / Gyorgy Kara
Runiform alphabet of the ancient Turks
Uyghur alphabet
Manichean script of the Uyghurs
Mongolian script
Clear script
Manchu alphabet
Buryat alphabet
Cyrillic script
Section 50: Arabic writing / Thomas Bauer
Basic characters
Morphophonemic representation
Optional signs
Effects of defectiveness
Dhivehi writing / James W Gair and Bruce D Cain
Symbols
Section 51: Ethiopic writing / Getatchew Haile
Consonants
Vowels
Characters or diagrams
Numerals
Writing Ethiopic
Part 9: Scripts Invented In Modern Times
Introduction / Peter T Daniels
Section 52: Invention of writing / Peter T Daniels
Sophisticated grammatogenies
Unsophisticated grammatogenies
Origin of writing
Section 53: Cherokee writing / Janine Scancarelli
Characters of the Cherokee syllabary and their arrangement
Appearance of written Cherokee
Sound and spelling of Cherokee
Uses of the syllabary
Section 54: Scripts of West Africa / John Victor Singler
N'Ko alphabet
Vai script
Section 55: Cree syllabary / John D Nichols
Algonquian syllabaries
Scripts for Inuit (Eskimo) languages
Syllabics for Sub-Arctic Athabaskan languages
Section 56: Scripts for Munda languages / Norman Zide
Sorang Sompeng
Ol Cemet'
Ho
Section 57: Pahawh Hmong script / Martha Ratliff
Features of the system
Symbols
Use
Part 10: Use And Adaptation Of Scripts
Introduction / Peter T Daniels
Section 58: Functional classification / John Mountford
Functional kinds of writing system
General-purpose versus special-purpose writing systems
Terminology
Composition of writing systems in relation to function
Multiplicity of writing systems
More functional kinds?
Conclusion
Section 59: Adaptations of the Roman alphabet
Romance languages / Edward Tuttle
Germanic languages / Wayne <Senner
Celtic languages / Damian McManus
Languages of Eastern and Southern Europe / Bernard Comrie
African languages / John Bendor-Samuel
Vietnamese / Nguyen Dinh-Hoa
Section 60: Adaptations of the Cyrillic alphabet / Bernard Comrie
Slavic languages
Non-Slavic languages
Section 61: Adaptations of Hebrew script / Benjamin Hary
Jewish "languages" or etholects
Judeo-Arabic
Judeo-Spanish (Ladino)
Yiddish / Howard I Aronson
Section 62: Adaptations of Arabic script / Alan S Kaye
Spread of Arabic script
Minor adaptations of the Arabic script
General characteristics of Arabic-based writing systems
Scripts of Islamic literary languages
Part 11: Sociolinguistics And Scripts
Introduction / William Bright
Section 63: Germany: script and politics / Gerhard Augst
Section 64: Serbo-Croatian: a biscriptal language / Laurie Beth Feldman and Dragana Barac-Cikoja
Section 65: South Asia: coexistence of scripts / Colin P Masica
Section 66: Christian missionary activities / Allan Gleason
Section 67: Script reform in and after the Soviet Union / Bernard Comrie
Script replacement
Intra-script reform
Post-Soviet developments
Part 12: Secondary Notation Systems
Introduction / Peter T Daniels
Section 68: Alphabet as a technology / M O'Connor
How do people learn how to write?
Order of the alphabet
Letter names
Elements of writing systems used for various purposes
Section 69: Numerical notation / John Soren Pettersson
Forerunners of numerical notation
Ancient Near East
South and East Asia
Classical Greece and Rome
0
9
Further reading
Section 70: Shorthand / Peter T Daniels
Historical survey
typology
Section 71: Phonetic notation / Michael K C MacMahon
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
Other alphabetic notations
Iconic notation
Linear and parametric notations
Analphabetic notation
Summary
Section 72: Music notation / James D McCawley
Pitch
Duration
Dynamics and articulation
Structure
Modifications
Section 73: Movement notation systems / Brenda Farnell
Historical developments in Europe
Emergence of general movement scripts
Problems in the transcription of human movement
Part 13: Imprinting And Printing
Introduction / Peter T Daniels
Section 74: Analog and digital writing / Peter T Daniels
Dichotomy
History
People
Machines
Consequences
Index